Table 1.

Cellular Markers and Their Reported Function

Cellular Markers	Reported Function	References
Ki 67	Proliferation marker	[24]
PCNA	Various effects on replication, cell cycle and repair mechanisms.	[25]
p53	p53 induces apoptosis by activating pro-apoptotic proteins	[26]
SIRT1 (sirtuin-1)	Anti-apoptotic effect by inactivation of p53	[27]
Survivin	Anti-apoptotic by inhibiting caspase-9 and further regulates mitotic spindle checkpoints	[28]
Annexin V	Binds the externalised phospholipids on the outer cell membrane during apoptosis.	[29]
Cyclins A2, D1 and E1	Activating proteins at cell cycle checkpoints. Elevated levels of cyclin D1 were also shown to increase invasion capability of breast cancer cell lines.	[30]
TPX2 (Targeting protein for Xklp2)	Necessary for spindle function and chromosome segregation during mitosis. Its overexpression is associated with tumor growth.	[31]
ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2)	Function in the pro-cancerous and pro-proliferative Ras/Raf-pathway.	[32]
p38 MAPK (p38 mitogen-activated kinase)	Associated with Ras/Raf-pathway; transmits mostly inflammatory and apoptotic signals.	[33]
STK24 (Serine/Threonine kinase 24)	Higher expressions are associated with more aggressive breast cancer subtypes. Associated with the Ras/Raf pathway	[34,35]