Table 1.
Demographic, Clinical and Biomarker Profiles of the Study Population
| HIV CKD# | HIV-Positive No-CKD Controls# | Healthy Controls# | p-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n=25) | (n=25) | (n=24) | ||
| Age years (mean±SD) | 33.24 ± 10.03 | 34.48 ± 10.02 | 34.92 ± 9.01 | p=0.665b |
| Gender (males:females) | 8:17 (32% male) | 10:15 (40% male) | 9:15 (38% male) | p=0.835c |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 125 (113; 138) | 120 (114; 133) | 117.5 (112; 125) | p=0.421 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 78 (74; 89) | 76 (70; 84) | 75 (66; 84) | p=0.234 |
| BMI | 25.86 (21.88; 27.51) | 23.55 (22.23; 27.30) | 28.04 (23.54; 28.89) | p=0.378 |
| CD4 count (cells/mm3) | 242.5 (140; 348) | 379 (287; 519) | - | p=0.009 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 10.7 (8.8; 12.2) | 12.45 (10.8; 14.3) | 13.5 (10.8; 14.3) | p=0.054 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.5 (3.61; 5.38) | 4.39 (3.65; 4.73) | 4.38 (4.05; 4.93) | p=0.858 |
| Serum albumin (g/l) | 24 (19; 29) | 29 (17; 36) | 41 (39; 45) | p<0.001 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/l) | 80 (63; 325) | 69 (60; 78) | 77 (64; 90) | p=0.107 |
| eGFR CKD-EPI (mL/min/1.73m2) | 94.0 (18.5; 107.9) | 111.8 (97.4; 115.9) | 98.5 (74.0; 111.8) | p=0.057 |
| UPCR (g/mmol creat) | 0.129 (0.019; 0.534) | 0.015 (0.009; 0.039) | 0.006 (0.004; 0.010) | p<0.001 |
| UACR (mg/mmol creat) | 90 (80–150) | 10 (10–30) | 0 (0–0) | p<0.001 |
| Serum Biomarkers | ||||
| Cystatin C (ng/mL) | 2866 (1540; 6996) | 1448 (1325; 1762) | 1456 (1270; 1711) | p<0.001 |
| NGAL (ng/mL) | 52.7 (44.8; 88.6) | 41.5 (37.2; 49.7) | 34.5 (30.5; 40.1) | p<0.001 |
| TGF-β1 (pg/mL) | 39,780 (27,738; 54,377) | 41,641 (24,902; 50,429) | 52,408 (49,285; 57,940) | p=0.001 |
| TGF-β2 (pg/mL) | 953.2 (834.2; 1239.9) | 819.7 (658.9; 967.4) | 1020.6 (974.4; 1105.4) | p<0.001 |
| TGF-β3 (pg/mL) | 489.0 (441.9; 527.7) | 496.6 (445.7; 570.4) | 512.0 (492.6; 574.7) | p=0.161 |
| BMP-7 (pg/mL) | 0.00 (0.00; 21.20) | 3.82 (0.00; 6.58) | 0.00 (0.00; 0.00) | p<0.001 |
| Urine Biomarkersd | ||||
| Cystatin C (ng/mL) | 186.0 (180.7; 190.9) | 231.8 (134.4; 274.6) | 218.1 (110.1; 295.5) | p=0.180 |
| NGAL (ng/mL) | 37.38 (23.76; 92.40) | 28.87 (10.05; 42.66) | 12.60 (7.06; 24.15) | p=0.013 |
| TGF-β1 (pg/mL) | 132.5 (59.03; 417.5) | 15.48 (0.92; 46.85) | 23.20 (−5.50; 49.40) | p<0.001 |
| TGF-β2 (pg/mL) | 41.70 (11.23; 80.39) | 15.19 (6.84; 29.68) | 15.11 (2.50; 27.52) | p=0.008 |
| TGF-β3 (pg/mL) | 16.20 (15.59; 23.98) | 52.64 (24.23; 180.81) | 19.10 (17.70; 28.24) | p<0.001 |
| BMP-7 (pg/mL) | 19.92 (10.54; 43.63) | 5.45 (0.00; 8.29) | 8.99 (6.79; 11.74) | p<0.001 |
Notes: #Median (IQR) given unless otherwise stated; Statistically significant p-values indicated in bold; ap-values calculated using a Kruskal Wallis test comparing HIV CKD participants, HIV-positive no-CKD controls and healthy controls, unless otherwise stated; bp-value calculated using an ANOVA comparing HIV CKD participants, HIV-positive no-CKD controls and healthy controls; cp-value calculated using a chi-square test comparing HIV CKD participants, HIV-positive no-CKD controls and healthy controls; dUrine samples were available for 19/25 HIV CKD patients. [Missing values as follows: for HIV CKD group: CD4 count n=3; cholesterol n=4; serum albumin n=4; uPCR n=2; albuminuria n=9; urinary biomarkers n=6. For HIV-positive no-CKD group: CD4 count n=2; hemoglobin n=3; cholesterol n=13; serum albumin n=21; serum creatinine n=4; eGFR n=4; uPCR n=21; albuminuria n=3. For healthy controls: systolic and diastolic blood pressure n=6; BMI n=6; hemoglobin n=9; cholesterol n=10; serum albumin n=10; serum creatinine n=2; eGFR n=2; uPCR n=14; albuminuria n=6; urinary NGAL n=1].
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; UPCR, urine protein creatinine ratio; UACR, urine albumin creatinine ratio; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; TGF, transforming growth factor; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein.