Effect size	k	Meta‐analytic mean ± SE [95% CI]	I 2 total (%)	I 2 study (%)	I 2 species (%)	I 2 Obs. (%)	Q test
All data	394	−0.23 ± 0.15 [−0.52, 0.06]	94.89	28.27	6.53	60.10	3677
Trait categories
(i) Mass_size	197	−0.34 ± 0.21 [−0.75, 0.08]	96.72	56.98	9.96	29.78	1999.48
(ii) Physiology	66	−0.01 ± 0.08 [−0.18, 0.15]	82.40	<0.001	<0.001	82.40	224.17
(iii) Perform_behav	79	−0.20 ± 0.12 [−0.44, 0.04]	94.98	<1	<0.001	94.34	1232.55
(iv) Stress_response	37	−0.11 ± 0.28 [−0.68, 0.45]	87.53	46.76	30.89	9.89	178.91
(v) Survival	15	−0.21 ± 0.18 [−0.59, 0.17]	64.67	26.17	38.49	<0.001	22.79