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. 2021 Nov 30;12:771144. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.771144

Figure 2.

Figure 2

This figure shows function of cytokine (48–51). Tumour necrosis factors-a (TNF-a), Interleukin-1B (IL-1B), Interferon necrosis- y (IFN-y), Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interleukin-12 (IL-12), Intereukin-4 (IL-4), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-13 (IL-13). Understanding the cytokine function will help to understand inflammation's involvement in diminished flush response and its role in activating microglia, respectively. Elevated pro-inflammatory levels, IL-1B and IL-6, and decreased anti-inflammatory levels have been observed in schizophrenia (52–54). Raison et al. (55) reported increased IL-1B and TNF-a observed in negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Goldsmith et al. (56) and Wang and Miller (57) meta-analysis showed consistent upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokine, but variation in anti-inflammatory cytokine levels. Variation in anti-inflammatory markers, may be due to confounding factors, such as stage of illness, gender, age and medication status. Miller et al. (40) and Khandaker et al. (58) showed alternated cytokine levels in different stages of illness, which includes early-onset childhood, acute and relapse phase.