Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population by statin use before and after PSM.
| Before PSM (N = 3133) | After PSM (N = 604) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Statin (N = 404) | Non-Statin (N = 2729) | p | All | Statin (N = 302) | Non-Statin (N = 302) | p | |
| Age (years) | 62 (19) | 67 (15) | 61 (20) | < 0.001 | 66 (16) | 66 (15.25) | 65 (17) | 0.264 |
| Sex (%) | ||||||||
| Male | 1572 (50.18%) | 212 (52.48%) | 1360 (49.84%) | 0.322 | 312 (51.66%) | 164 (54.3%) | 148 (49.01%) | 0.193 |
| Female | 1561 (49.82%) | 192 (47.52%) | 1369 (50.16%) | 292 (48.34%) | 138 (45.7%) | 154 (50.99%) | ||
| Comorbidities (%) | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 1159 (36.99%) | 234 (57.92%) | 925 (33.9%) | < 0.001 | 293 (48.51%) | 158 (52.32%) | 135 (44.7%) | 0.061 |
| Dyslipidemia | 23 (0.73%) | 12 (2.97%) | 11 (0.4%) | < 0.001 | 13 (2.15%) | 5 (1.66%) | 8 (2.65%) | 0.401 |
| CHD | 248 (7.92%) | 125 (30.94%) | 123 (4.51%) | < 0.001 | 102 (16.89%) | 62 (20.53%) | 40 (13.25%) | 0.017 |
| Aortic Dissection | 4 (0.13%) | 2 (0.5%) | 2 (0.07%) | 0.027 | 4 (0.66%) | 2 (0.66%) | 2 (0.66%) | 1 |
| Heart Failure | 33 (1.05%) | 13 (3.22%) | 20 (0.73%) | < 0.001 | 12 (1.99%) | 6 (1.99%) | 6 (1.99%) | 1 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 20 (0.64%) | 9 (2.23%) | 11 (0.4%) | < 0.001 | 11 (1.82%) | 5 (1.66%) | 6 (1.99%) | 0.761 |
| Other arrhythmia | 333 (10.63%) | 46 (11.39%) | 287 (10.52%) | 0.597 | 56 (9.27%) | 37 (12.25%) | 19 (6.29%) | 0.012 |
| Diabetes milieus | 414 (13.21%) | 105 (25.99%) | 309 (11.32%) | < 0.001 | 131 (21.69%) | 65 (21.52%) | 66 (21.85%) | 0.922 |
| Lung disease | 199 (6.35%) | 27 (6.68%) | 172 (6.3%) | 0.77 | 41 (6.79%) | 17 (5.63%) | 24 (7.95%) | 0.258 |
| Renal insufficiency | 69 (2.2%) | 12 (2.97%) | 57 (2.09%) | 0.26 | 20 (3.31%) | 10 (3.31%) | 10 (3.31%) | 1 |
| Stroke | 102 (3.26%) | 38 (9.41%) | 64 (2.35%) | < 0.001 | 41 (6.79%) | 20 (6.62%) | 21 (6.95%) | 0.872 |
| Tumor | 129 (4.12%) | 13 (3.22%) | 116 (4.25%) | 0.33 | 23 (3.81%) | 10 (3.31%) | 13 (4.3%) | 0.524 |
| Liver disease | 55 (1.76%) | 2 (0.5%) | 53 (1.94%) | 0.039 | 5 (0.83%) | 2 (0.66%) | 3 (0.99%) | 0.654 |
| Lab on admission | ||||||||
|
BNP (pg/ml) |
85 (327) | 118.5 (640.75) | 82 (289) | 0.248 | 99 (459.25) | 93 (491) | 130 (433) | 0.819 |
| Hs-cTnI (ng/ml) | 4 (6.6) | 6.15 (7.18) | 3.7 (6.2) | 0.459 | 5.3 (7.2) | 5 (7.1) | 5.55 (7.43) | 0.051 |
| ALT (u/l) | 23 (24) | 24 (21) | 22 (24) | 0.546 | 24 (23.75) | 24 (22) | 23 (27) | 0.71 |
| AST (u/l) | 25 (19) | 25 (16) | 25 (19) | 0.312 | 25 (18) | 24.5 (16) | 25 (20) | 0.244 |
| Creatinine (μmol/l) | 68 (27) | 70 (26) | 68 (28) | 0.714 | 69 (26) | 69 (26) | 69 (26) | 0.298 |
| K (mmol/L) | 4.19 (0.66) | 4.19 (0.77) | 4.19 (0.64) | 0.296 | 4.17 (0.72) | 4.23 (0.8) | 4.16 (0.67) | 0.571 |
| Na (mmol/L) | 139.9 (4.2) | 139.55 (5.07) | 139.9 (4.1) | < 0.001 | 139.6 (4.6) | 139.6 (5.1) | 139.55 (4.03) | 0.525 |
| Ca (mmol/L) | 2.16 (0.17) | 2.15 (0.16) | 2.16 (0.17) | 0.347 | 2.16 (0.17) | 2.16 (0.16) | 2.15 (0.17) | 0.427 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.91 (2.37) | 6.17 (2.75) | 5.87 (2.27) | 0.001 | 6.09 (2.46) | 6.06 (2.53) | 6.11 (2.23) | 0.836 |
| ALB (g/L) | 36.3 (8.3) | 35.6 (7.58) | 36.4 (8.4) | 0.07 | 35.5 (7.68) | 35.9 (7.45) | 35.1 (8) | 0.301 |
| LDH (U/L) | 248 (143) | 258 (129) | 247 (145) | 0.316 | 255 (132.75) | 247 (114.25) | 260.5 (161.25) | 0.165 |
| Hb (g/l) | 127 (22) | 124 (21) | 127 (22) | 0.05 | 125 (22) | 124 (20.25) | 126 (24) | 0.558 |
| WBC (× 109/l) | 5.84 (3.01) | 6.08 (2.91) | 5.81 (2.98) | 0.195 | 6.03 (2.9) | 6.06 (2.88) | 6.01 (2.73) | 0.458 |
| Lymph (× 109/l) | 1.2 (0.87) | 1.19 (0.8) | 1.2 (0.88) | 0.381 | 1.2 (0.84) | 1.25 (0.82) | 1.12 (0.85) | 0.074 |
| PLT (× 109/l) | 221 (117) | 226 (135.5) | 220 (115) | 0.013 | 226 (129.75) | 229.5 (131.5) | 225 (126.25) | 0.477 |
| hs_CRP (mg/l) | 11.5 (56.9) | 12.9 (51.53) | 11.3 (57.3) | 0.353 | 14.15 (57.15) | 11.15 (53) | 19.2 (62.83) | 0.406 |
| IL-2 (pg/ml) | 526 (488.5) | 526 (424.5) | 525 (495.5) | 0.196 | 552.5 (492) | 523.5 (422.25) | 583.5 (579.25) | 0.001 |
| IL_6 (pg/ml) | 4.98 (19.46) | 6.35 (15.88) | 4.84 (19.73) | 0.278 | 6.45 (19) | 5.91 (15.01) | 7.17 (23.85) | 0.478 |
| TNF-α (ng/ml) | 8 (4.5) | 8.3 (4.3) | 7.9 (4.5) | 0.586 | 8.3 (4.35) | 8.1 (4.25) | 8.6 (4.43) | 0.101 |
| PCT (ng/ml) | 0.06 (0.07) | 0.06 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.07) | 0.245 | 0.07 (0.07) | 0.06 (0.06) | 0.07 (0.08) | 0.91 |
| APTT (s) | 38.6 (6.5) | 38.5 (6.38) | 38.7 (6.5) | 0.103 | 38.6 (6.65) | 38.55 (6.35) | 38.7 (7) | 0.761 |
| PT_INR (s) | 1.06 (0.12) | 1.05 (0.13) | 1.06 (0.12) | 0.379 | 1.06 (0.13) | 1.05 (0.13) | 1.06 (0.12) | 0.283 |
| D_Dimer (μg/ml) | 0.67 (1.42) | 0.78 (1.41) | 0.66 (1.4) | 0.85 | 0.78 (1.58) | 0.69 (1.4) | 0.87 (1.71) | 0.509 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 3.82 (1.25) | 3.71 (1.5) | 3.83 (1.23) | 0.224 | 3.77 (1.36) | 3.78 (1.51) | 3.77 (1.23) | 0.26 |
| 7-days after admission | ||||||||
| APTT (s) | 38.2 (6.2) | 38.5 (6.18) | 38.2 (6.2) | 0.492 | 38.4 (6.5) | 38.4 (6.23) | 38.4 (6.93) | 0.096 |
| PT_INR (s) | 1.04 (0.11) | 1.04 (0.12) | 1.04 (0.11) | 0.525 | 1.04 (0.11) | 1.04 (0.11) | 1.04 (0.12) | 0.172 |
| D_Dimer (μg/ml) | 0.52 (1.02) | 0.56 (0.96) | 0.51 (1.04) | 0.047 | 0.56 (1.02) | 0.49 (0.8) | 0.63 (1.35) | 0.006 |
| hs_CRP (mg/l) | 2.2 (8) | 2.2 (8.1) | 2.2 (8) | 0.032 | 2.2 (6.75) | 1.95 (5.75) | 2.4 (9.15) | 0.021 |
| IL-2 (pg/ml) | 450 (384) | 443.5 (334.5) | 451 (390) | 0.088 | 460 (371.5) | 431 (328.5) | 504.5 (443.5) | < 0.001 |
| IL_6 (pg/ml) | 3.27 (7.97) | 3.72 (8.37) | 3.2 (7.95) | 0.077 | 3.6 (7.9) | 3.2 (6.46) | 4.13 (9.71) | 0.2 |
| TNF-α (ng/ml) | 7.7 (4.6) | 8.2 (4.6) | 7.7 (4.7) | 0.591 | 8.1 (4.5) | 8.1 (4.43) | 8.1 (4.63) | 0.566 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.23 (1.41) | 3.8 (1.54) | 4.27 (1.36) | < 0.001 | 4.03 (1.5) | 3.98 (1.54) | 4.07 (1.44) | 0.391 |
| Lab peak | ||||||||
| IL6 peak (pg/ml) | 6.27 (24.83) | 7.59 (22.93) | 6.03 (25.19) | 0.066 | 7.45 (22.55) | 6.8 (17.87) | 8.85 (29.44) | 0.13 |
| IL2 peak (pg/ml) | 553 (509) | 554 (438.25) | 553 (520.5) | 0.099 | 569.5 (512.25) | 551.5 (431.75) | 606 (630.75) | < 0.001 |
|
TNF-αpeak (ng/ml) |
8.7 (5) | 8.9 (4.65) | 8.6 (4.9) | 0.495 | 8.95 (4.78) | 8.8 (4.53) | 9 (4.83) | 0.327 |
|
CRP peak (mmol/L) |
14.2 (61.55) | 16.6 (58.68) | 13.9 (62.5) | 0.397 | 17.55 (61.8) | 14.25 (58.38) | 22 (67.78) | 0.359 |
| Meds (%) | ||||||||
| Norepinephrine | 237 (7.56%) | 28 (6.93%) | 209 (7.66%) | 0.606 | 38 (6.29%) | 12 (3.97%) | 26 (8.61%) | 0.019 |
| Epinephrine | 342 (10.92%) | 37 (9.16%) | 305 (11.18%) | 0.225 | 61 (10.1%) | 18 (5.96%) | 43 (14.24%) | 0.001 |
| Dopamine | 200 (6.38%) | 25 (6.19%) | 175 (6.41%) | 0.863 | 34 (5.63%) | 12 (3.97%) | 22 (7.28%) | 0.078 |
| Dobutamine | 36 (1.15%) | 5 (1.24%) | 31 (1.14%) | 0.858 | 10 (1.66%) | 4 (1.32%) | 6 (1.99%) | 0.524 |
| Aspirin | 269 (8.59%) | 172 (42.57%) | 97 (3.55%) | < 0.001 | 183 (30.3%) | 89 (29.47%) | 94 (31.13%) | 0.659 |
| Clopidogrel | 142 (4.53%) | 101 (25%) | 41 (1.5%) | < 0.001 | 87 (14.4%) | 47 (15.56%) | 40 (13.25%) | 0.418 |
| Ticagrelor | 14 (0.45%) | 12 (2.97%) | 2 (0.07%) | < 0.001 | 6 (0.99%) | 4 (1.32%) | 2 (0.66%) | 0.413 |
| Methylprednisolone | 873 (27.86%) | 103 (25.5%) | 770 (28.22%) | 0.255 | 158 (26.16%) | 77 (25.5%) | 81 (26.82%) | 0.712 |
| ACEI | 92 (2.94%) | 35 (8.66%) | 57 (2.09%) | < 0.001 | 33 (5.46%) | 19 (6.29%) | 14 (4.64%) | 0.372 |
| ARB | 348 (11.11%) | 110 (27.23%) | 238 (8.72%) | < 0.001 | 117 (19.37%) | 66 (21.85%) | 51 (16.89%) | 0.123 |
| Βeta-blocker | 91 (2.9%) | 35 (8.66%) | 56 (2.05%) | < 0.001 | 23 (3.81%) | 15 (4.97%) | 8 (2.65%) | 0.137 |
| CCB | 415 (13.25%) | 92 (22.77%) | 323 (11.84%) | < 0.001 | 112 (18.54%) | 61 (20.2%) | 51 (16.89%) | 0.296 |
| Non-invasive ventilator (%) | 375 (11.97%) | 57 (14.11%) | 318 (11.65%) | 0.156 | 81 (13.41%) | 40 (13.25%) | 41 (13.58%) | 0.905 |
| Invasive Ventilator (%) | 285 (9.1%) | 38 (9.41%) | 247 (9.05%) | 0.817 | 50 (8.28%) | 27 (8.94%) | 23 (7.62%) | 0.556 |
| ECMO (%) | 27 (0.86%) | 4 (0.99%) | 23 (0.84%) | 0.765 | 5 (0.83%) | 3 (0.99%) | 2 (0.66%) | 0.654 |
| Type (%) | ||||||||
| 1 | 888 (28.34%) | 69 (17.08%) | 819 (30.01%) | < 0.001 | 145 (24.01%) | 58 (19.21%) | 87 (28.81%) | 0.272 |
| 2 | 1175 (37.5%) | 173 (42.82%) | 1002 (36.72%) | 227 (37.58%) | 132 (43.71%) | 95 (31.46%) | ||
| 3 | 1070 (34.15%) | 162 (40.1%) | 908 (33.27%) | 232 (38.41%) | 112 (37.09%) | 120 (39.74%) | ||
PSM, propensity score match; CHD, coronary vascular disease; BNP, serum B-type natriuretic peptide; TNI, Troponin I; ALT, Alanine Aminotransferase; AST, Aspartate transaminase; Cr, Creatinine; ALB, Albumin; LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase; WBC, White blood cell; Lymph, Lymphocyte; Plt, Platelet; CRP, C Reactive Protein; IL-2, Interleukin 2; IL-6, Interleukin 6; TNF-α, P.C.T., Procalcitonin; Tumor necrosis factor-α; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; INR, international normalized ratio; TC, Total Cholesterol; ACEI, Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; CCB, Calcium Channel Blocker; ECMO, Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Continuous variables are presented as median (IQR), categorical variables are presented as n percentage.