Table 4.
Baseline characteristics of the study population according to statin use in CHD or non-CHD population after PSM.
| Non-CHD (N = 502) | CHD (N = 102) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Statin (N = 275) | Non-Statin (N = 277) | p | All | Statin (N = 97) |
Non-Statin (N = 95) | p | |
| Age | 65 (17) | 64 (15) | 65 (20) | 0.701 | 68.5 (13.25) | 71 (13) | 67 (15.25) | 0.29 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 266 (52.99%) | 132 (55%) | 134 (51.15%) | 0.388 | 46 (45.1%) | 32 (51.61%) | 14 (35%) | 0.102 |
| Female | 236 (47.01%) | 108 (45%) | 128 (48.85%) | 56 (54.9%) | 30 (48.39%) | 26 (65%) | ||
| Length of stay | 21.69 (21.01) | 24.02 (25.55) | 20.33 (19.38) | 0 | 22.02 (23.17) | 26.51 (25.84) | 18.35 (15.74) | 0.016 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 217 (43.23%) | 111 (46.25%) | 106 (40.46%) | 0.191 | 76 (74.51%) | 47 (75.81%) | 29 (72.5%) | 0.712 |
| Dyslipidemia | 13 (2.59%) | 5 (2.08%) | 8 (3.05%) | 0.495 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | —— |
| Aortic Dissection | 3 (0.6%) | 1 (0.42%) | 2 (0.76%) | 0.615 | 1 (0.98%) | 1 (1.61%) | 0 (0%) | 0.425 |
| Heart Failure | 9 (1.79%) | 4 (1.67%) | 5 (1.91%) | 0.839 | 3 (2.94%) | 2 (3.23%) | 1 (2.5%) | 0.834 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 6 (1.2%) | 3 (1.25%) | 3 (1.15%) | 0.914 | 5 (4.9%) | 2 (3.23%) | 3 (7.5%) | 0.334 |
| Other arrhythmia | 51 (10.16%) | 34 (14.17%) | 17 (6.49%) | 0.004 | 5 (4.9%) | 3 (4.84%) | 2 (5%) | 0.971 |
| Diabetes milieus | 100 (19.92%) | 47 (19.58%) | 53 (20.23%) | 0.857 | 31 (30.39%) | 18 (29.03%) | 13 (32.5%) | 0.713 |
| Lung disease | 31 (6.18%) | 11 (4.58%) | 20 (7.63%) | 0.157 | 10 (9.8%) | 6 (9.68%) | 4 (10%) | 0.958 |
| Renal insufficiency | 15 (2.99%) | 8 (3.33%) | 7 (2.67%) | 0.664 | 5 (4.9%) | 2 (3.23%) | 3 (7.5%) | 0.334 |
| Stroke | 37 (7.37%) | 19 (7.92%) | 18 (6.87%) | 0.655 | 4 (3.92%) | 1 (1.61%) | 3 (7.5%) | 0.137 |
| Tumor | 17 (3.39%) | 7 (2.92%) | 10 (3.82%) | 0.578 | 6 (5.88%) | 3 (4.84%) | 3 (7.5%) | 0.581 |
| Liver disease | 4 (0.8%) | 2 (0.83%) | 2 (0.76%) | 0.93 | 1 (0.98%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.5%) | 0.215 |
| Lab on admission | ||||||||
| BNP (pg/ml) | 97 (345) | 85.5 (339) | 118.5 (342.75) | 0.735 | 248.5 (759.25) | 315.5 (697) | 223.5 (795.5) | 0.876 |
| Hs-cTnI (ng/ml) | 4.8 (7.13) | 4.7 (6.68) | 5 (7.43) | 0.145 | 7.95 (14.45) | 7.55 (7.7) | 8.15 (27.95) | 0.133 |
| ALT (u/l) | 24 (24) | 24.5 (21) | 22 (26.5) | 0.582 | 25.5 (26.25) | 23.5 (25.5) | 26 (29.25) | 0.816 |
| AST (u/l) | 25 (19) | 24 (16) | 25 (20) | 0.174 | 25.5 (20) | 25.5 (16.75) | 25.5 (19) | 0.814 |
| Creatinine (μmol/l) | 68 (25.25) | 68.5 (25.75) | 68 (26) | 0.486 | 70 (34.5) | 69 (25.5) | 73.5 (49) | 0.22 |
| K (mmol/L) | 4.19 (0.71) | 4.23 (0.79) | 4.16 (0.67) | 0.633 | 4.09 (0.82) | 4.19 (0.9) | 3.97 (0.65) | 0.744 |
| Na (mmol/L) | 139.6 (4.43) | 139.8 (4.75) | 139.5 (4.2) | 0.879 | 139.4 (5.68) | 139 (6.55) | 140.35 (4.32) | 0.428 |
| Ca (mmol/L) | 2.16 (0.17) | 2.17 (0.17) | 2.16 (0.18) | 0.533 | 2.13 (0.16) | 2.13 (0.16) | 2.13 (0.16) | 0.339 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 6.08 (2.51) | 6.06 (2.55) | 6.09 (2.37) | 0.822 | 6.13 (2.21) | 6.05 (2.54) | 6.19 (2.01) | 0.225 |
| ALB (g/L) | 35.65 (7.83) | 35.9 (7.78) | 35.3 (7.93) | 0.382 | 35.1 (7.05) | 35.6 (6.63) | 33.65 (8.3) | 0.311 |
| LDH (U/L) | 256 (130) | 241.5 (104.75) | 265 (158.5) | 0.071 | 248.5 (168) | 263 (168.25) | 225 (174.75) | 0.609 |
| Hb (g/l) | 126 (22) | 125 (20.75) | 126 (24) | 0.79 | 124 (24.25) | 123 (23.25) | 128 (25.75) | 0.548 |
| WBC (× 109/l) | 6.04 (2.91) | 6.07 (2.88) | 6.03 (2.81) | 0.407 | 5.97 (2.77) | 6.02 (2.96) | 5.69 (2.59) | 0.961 |
| Lymph (× 109/l) | 1.21 (0.82) | 1.29 (0.86) | 1.14 (0.85) | 0.034 | 1.11 (0.9) | 1.17 (0.87) | 1.04 (0.93) | 0.979 |
| PLT (× 109/l) | 229.5 (128.5) | 231 (126.5) | 228.5 (127.25) | 0.498 | 216.5 (136.75) | 219 (145) | 205 (107.75) | 0.582 |
| hs_CRP (mg/l) | 13.6 (58.83) | 8.95 (51.05) | 20.15 (67.8) | 0.245 | 16.15 (44.95) | 17 (66.2) | 13.95 (36.48) | 0.548 |
| IL_2 (pg/ml) | 534.5 (493.25) | 493 (408.75) | 566 (584.5) | 0 | 625.5 (470.75) | 612 (424.75) | 677.5 (530.25) | 0.278 |
| IL_6 (pg/ml) | 6 (18.5) | 5.55 (13.99) | 6.55 (23.87) | 0.586 | 9.08 (23.3) | 8.18 (23.29) | 10.12 (25.41) | 0.236 |
| TNF-α (ng/ml) | 8.2 (4.3) | 8 (4.18) | 8.5 (4.33) | 0.042 | 9.25 (4.9) | 8.9 (5.2) | 9.85 (4.58) | 0.789 |
| PCT (ng/ml) | 0.07 (0.07) | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.07 (0.07) | 0.886 | 0.07 (0.09) | 0.06 (0.1) | 0.08 (0.09) | 0.956 |
| APTT (s) | 38.7 (6.8) | 38.5 (6.1) | 38.75 (7.33) | 0.294 | 38.5 (6.8) | 38.75 (6.68) | 38.1 (6.08) | 0.099 |
| PT_INR (s) | 1.06 (0.13) | 1.05 (0.13) | 1.06 (0.12) | 0.222 | 1.07 (0.13) | 1.07 (0.1) | 1.07 (0.18) | 0.991 |
| D_Dimer (μg/ml) | 0.77 (1.6) | 0.64 (1.41) | 0.89 (1.71) | 0.775 | 0.81 (1.39) | 0.81 (1.34) | 0.8 (1.69) | 0.336 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 3.85 (1.31) | 3.91 (1.45) | 3.81 (1.17) | 0.045 | 3.21 (1.26) | 3.13 (1.21) | 3.39 (1.67) | 0.527 |
| 7-days after admission | ||||||||
| APTT (s) | 38.3 (6.3) | 38.1 (5.98) | 38.4 (6.9) | 0.073 | 38.8 (6.9) | 38.95 (6.45) | 38.4 (9.4) | 0.959 |
| PT_INR | 1.04 (0.12) | 1.04 (0.13) | 1.04 (0.11) | 0.175 | 1.04 (0.11) | 1.04 (0.09) | 1.04 (0.25) | 0.428 |
| D_Dimer (μg/ml) | 0.52 (0.99) | 0.48 (0.74) | 0.59 (1.32) | 0.012 | 0.71 (1.4) | 0.61 (1.26) | 0.81 (1.93) | 0.166 |
| hs_CRP (mg/l) | 2.1 (5.6) | 1.9 (5.03) | 2.3 (7.33) | 0.012 | 2.5 (15.48) | 2.35 (8.8) | 2.55 (35.33) | 0.646 |
| IL_2 (pg/ml) | 452 (356.5) | 409 (326.75) | 493.5 (431.75) | 0 | 502.5 (494.25) | 470 (416.75) | 587 (610) | 0.103 |
| IL_6 (pg/ml) | 3.43 (6.58) | 2.96 (6.29) | 4.01 (7.92) | 0.653 | 4.48 (11.91) | 3.75 (8.72) | 7.48 (25.68) | 0.061 |
| TNF-α (ng/ml) | 8.05 (4.2) | 8 (4.28) | 8.1 (4.2) | 0.774 | 9.45 (5.65) | 9.15 (5.4) | 9.45 (7.05) | 0.246 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.12 (1.54) | 4.11 (1.61) | 4.14 (1.53) | 0.741 | 3.52 (1.32) | 3.46 (1.23) | 3.88 (1.44) | 0.586 |
| Lab Peak | ||||||||
| IL2peak | 551.5 (510.75) | 514 (414) | 596.5 (629.75) | 0 | 654.5 (591.75) | 637.5 (491.75) | 702.5 (769) | 0.317 |
| IL6peak | 6.88 (20.89) | 6.54 (15.41) | 8.1 (28) | 0.433 | 10.29 (36.6) | 10.29 (35.54) | 10.28 (37.71) | 0.07 |
| TNFapeak | 8.8 (4.43) | 8.7 (4) | 9 (4.9) | 0.394 | 10.05 (5.45) | 9.9 (5.05) | 10.25 (5.9) | 0.448 |
| CRPpeak | 17.25 (62) | 12.95 (53.5) | 23.95 (69.13) | 0.137 | 20.25 (65.2) | 27.3 (77.55) | 15.9 (38.8) | 0.343 |
| Medicine | ||||||||
| Norepinephrine | 32 (6.37%) | 11 (4.58%) | 21 (8.02%) | 0.116 | 6 (5.88%) | 1 (1.61%) | 5 (12.5%) | 0.022 |
| Epinephrine | 48 (9.56%) | 13 (5.42%) | 35 (13.36%) | 0.002 | 13 (12.75%) | 5 (8.06%) | 8 (20%) | 0.079 |
| Dopamine | 27 (5.38%) | 8 (3.33%) | 19 (7.25%) | 0.052 | 7 (6.86%) | 4 (6.45%) | 3 (7.5%) | 0.84 |
| Dobutamine | 9 (1.79%) | 3 (1.25%) | 6 (2.29%) | 0.381 | 1 (0.98%) | 1 (1.61%) | 0 (0%) | 0.425 |
| Aspirin | 137 (27.29%) | 66 (27.5%) | 71 (27.1%) | 0.92 | 46 (45.1%) | 23 (37.1%) | 23 (57.5%) | 0.044 |
| Clopidogrel | 50 (9.96%) | 26 (10.83%) | 24 (9.16%) | 0.533 | 37 (36.27%) | 21 (33.87%) | 16 (40%) | 0.534 |
| Ticagrelor | 3 (0.6%) | 2 (0.83%) | 1 (0.38%) | 0.513 | 3 (2.94%) | 2 (3.23%) | 1 (2.5%) | 0.834 |
| Methylprednisolone | 126 (25.1%) | 58 (24.17%) | 68 (25.95%) | 0.645 | 32 (31.37%) | 19 (30.65%) | 13 (32.5%) | 0.846 |
| ACEI | 22 (4.38%) | 13 (5.42%) | 9 (3.44%) | 0.28 | 11 (10.78%) | 6 (9.68%) | 5 (12.5%) | 0.657 |
| ARB | 87 (17.33%) | 46 (19.17%) | 41 (15.65%) | 0.299 | 30 (29.41%) | 20 (32.26%) | 10 (25%) | 0.437 |
| Βeta-blocker | 13 (2.59%) | 6 (2.5%) | 7 (2.67%) | 0.904 | 10 (9.8%) | 9 (14.52%) | 1 (2.5%) | 0.047 |
| CCB | 83 (16.53%) | 40 (16.67%) | 43 (16.41%) | 0.939 | 29 (28.43%) | 21 (33.87%) | 8 (20%) | 0.132 |
| Non-invasive ventilator (%) | 65 (12.95%) | 33 (13.75%) | 32 (12.21%) | 0.609 | 16 (15.69%) | 7 (11.29%) | 9 (22.5%) | 0.131 |
| Invasive Ventilator (%) | 38 (7.57%) | 21 (8.75%) | 17 (6.49%) | 0.34 | 12 (11.76%) | 6 (9.68%) | 6 (15%) | 0.42 |
| ECMO (%) | 4 (0.8%) | 2 (0.83%) | 2 (0.76%) | 0.93 | 1 (0.98%) | 1 (1.61%) | 0 (0%) | 0.425 |
| Type | ||||||||
| 1 | 134 (26.69%) | 53 (22.08%) | 81 (30.92%) | 0.421 | 11 (10.78%) | 5 (8.06%) | 6 (15%) | 0.827 |
| 2 | 182 (36.25%) | 102 (42.5%) | 80 (30.53%) | 45 (44.12%) | 30 (48.39%) | 15 (37.5%) | ||
| 3 | 186 (37.05%) | 85 (35.42%) | 101 (38.55%) | 46 (45.1%) | 27 (43.55%) | 19 (47.5%) | ||
CHD, coronary heart disease; BNP, serum B-type natriuretic peptide; TNI, Troponin I; ALT, Alanine Aminotransferase; AST, Aspartate transaminase; Cr, Creatinine; ALB, Albumin; LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase; WBC, White blood cell; Lymph, Lymphocyte; Plt, Platelet; CRP, C Reactive Protein; IL-2, Interleukin 2; IL-6, Interleukin 6; TNF-α, P.C.T., Procalcitonin; Tumor necrosis factor-α; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; INR, international normalized ratio; TC, Total Cholesterol; ACEI, Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; CCB, Calcium Channel Blocker; ECMO, Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
Continuous variables are presented as median (IQR), categorical variables are presented as n percentage.