Table 1.
Stomatological and clinical characteristics of AD patients and the control group.
| C | AD | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median (minimum–maximum) | Mean ± SD | Median (minimum–maximum) | Mean ± SD | ||
| Sex (Men/Female) | 10/15 | 10/15 | NS | ||
| Age (years) | 83.6 (66–90) | 82.1 ± 6.67 | 82.5 (66–90) | 81.19 ± 6.765 | NS |
| Time from diagnosing the disease (years) | – | – | 9 (5–13) | 9.043 ± 2.30569 | – |
| Stomatological characteristics | |||||
| SWS total protein (μg/mL) | 2314 (1379–3872) | 2368 ± 647.2 | 1338 (203.8–4391) | 1597 ± 1065 | 0.0022 |
| SWS flow (mL/min) | 1.465 (0.5–2) | 1.364 ± 0.479 | 0.12 (0.09–0.26) | 0.09 ± 0.06325 | < 0.0001 |
| DMFT | 28.44 (25.44–29.98) | 29.45 ± 0.56 | 28.66 (27.34–29.98) | 29.98 ± 0.88 | NS |
| GI | 1.58 (1.34–2.3) | 1.58 ± 0.07 | 1.99 (1.59–2.18) | 2.05 ± 0.15 | NS |
| Blood count and biochemical characteristics | |||||
| Leukocytes (103/µl) | 7.87 (3.55–9.7) | 6.41 ± 2.211 | 6.3 (3.9–12.6) | 6.72 ± 2.114 | NS |
| Erythrocytes (106/µl) | 4.21 (3.92–5.61) | 4.185 ± 0.563 | 4.075 (3.33–6.1) | 4.233 ± 0.6395 | NS |
| HGB (g/dL) | 13.23 (11.9–17.42) | 12.89 ± 1.123 | 12.95 (9.7–14.2) | 12.74 ± 1.081 | NS |
| HCT (%) | 39.32 (33.24–50.02) | 37.96 ± 2.806 | 38.05 (29.3–42.3) | 37.87 ± 2.902 | NS |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 79 (70–94) | 115.6 ± 46.64 | 78 (68–96) | 116.9 ± 46.22 | NS |
| CRP (mg/L) | 3.2 (0.2–12.45) | 23.8 ± 75.17 | 3.4 (0.1–37.1) | 23.4 ± 77.19 | NS |
| AST (U/L) | 19 (10–46) | 25.89 ± 12.42 | 21 (12–63) | 26.26 ± 11.48 | NS |
| ALT (U/L) | 14 (7–55) | 17.98 ± 8.67 | 17 (7–35) | 18.42 ± 8.329 | NS |
| Na+ (mmol/L) | 143.6 (136.5–140.2) | 142.2 ± 3.321 | 142.3 (135.9–145.1) | 141.5 ± 2.922 | NS |
| K+ (mmol/L) | 4.58 (3.87–5.8) | 9.87 ± 30.25 | 4.215 (3.71–147) | 10.81 ± 30.42 | NS |
| TSH (µIU/mL) | 1.4 (1.45–4.69) | 1.925 ± 1.102 | 1.34 (0.69–4.73) | 1.857 ± 1.201 | NS |
| Vit. D3 (ng/mL) | 20 (12.13–53.23) | 18.67 ± 13.46 | 16.19 (3–43.67) | 17.37 ± 12.32 | NS |
| Vit. B12 (pg/mL) | 314.7 (123–542) | 256.6 ± 132.5 | 214.3 (50–456.3) | 222.7 ± 121.2 | NS |
| Folic acid (ng/mL) | 2.34 (1.23–16.55) | 3.105 ± 3.021 | 2.28 (0.88–12.53) | 3.324 ± 3.028 | NS |
| Cognitive function | |||||
| MMSE | 28 (26–29) | 16 ± 5.43 | 15 (0–20) | 14 ± 4.69 | NS |
| Concomitant diseases | |||||
| Hypertension n (%) | 14 (56) | 16 (64) | NS | ||
| Diabetes n (%) | 2 (8) | 3 (12) | NS | ||
| CHD n (%) | 5 (20) | 6 (24) | NS | ||
| Atherosclerosis n (%) | 3 (12) | 3 (12) | NS | ||
| Osteoporosis n (%) | 1 (4) | 2 (8) | NS | ||
| Drugs | |||||
| Donepezil n (%) | 0 | 12 (48) | < 0.0001 | ||
| Rivastigmine n (%) | 0 | 10 (40) | < 0.0001 | ||
| Galantamine n (%) | 0 | 3 (12) | < 0.0001 | ||
| ACEi n (%) | 12 (48) | 11 (44) | NS | ||
| β-blockers n (%) | 5 (20) | 6 (24) | NS | ||
| CCB n (%) | 8 (32) | 7 (28) | NS | ||
| Loop diuretics n (%) | 4 (16) | 4 (16) | NS | ||
| Metformin (%) | 2 (8) | 3 (12) | NS | ||
| Alendronate (%) | 1 (4) | 1 (4) | NS | ||
AD—Alzheimer’s disease; C—control group; SWS—stimulated whole saliva; DMFT—decayed, missing, filled teeth index; GI—gingival index; HGB—hemoglobin; HCT—hematocrit; CRP—C-reactive protein; AST—aspartate transaminase; ALT—alanine transferase; Na+—sodium; K+—potassium; TSH—thyroid stimulating hormone; Vit. D3—vitamin D3; Vit. B12—vitamin B12; MMSE—Mini Mental State Examination; CHD—coronary heart disease; ACEi—angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; CCB—calcium channel blockers.