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. 2021 Dec 13;11:23867. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-03367-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Area graph of vector control insecticide use, excluding use in ITNs, by disease. Results are presented for three geopolitical regions, (a–c) for control of malaria, (d–f) dengue, (g–i) leishmaniasis, and (j–l) Chagas disease, and expressed in standard spray coverage. Shades of blue or shades of red indicate insecticide sub-groups within a mode of action²¹. ‘Other classes’ represent bacterial larvicides, insect growth regulators and spinosyns (all used as larvicides).