Table 1.
Characteristics of Schools (N = 85) and Pupils (N = 26,885)
| Characteristic | Value | |
|---|---|---|
| School context | ||
| Urbanicity, n (%) | ||
| Rural | 13 | (15.29) |
| Urban | 72 | (84.71) |
| Area-level deprivation, IMD, mean (SD) | 5.82 | (2.73) |
| Characteristics of school community | ||
| Percentage of pupils eligible for free school meals, mean (SD) | 12.21 | (9.33) |
| Percentage of pupils receiving SEND support, mean (SD) | 9.99 | (5.56) |
| Percentage of pupils who are White British, mean (SD) | 76.15 | (24.58) |
| Operational features of the school | ||
| Mixed or single sex school (n, %) | ||
| Mixed | 74 | (87.06) |
| Female only | 11 | (12.94) |
| Number of pupils, mean (SD) | 1016.15 | (337.02) |
| Pupil-to-teacher ratio, mean (SD) | 15.92 | (1.85) |
| School quality, OFSTED ratinga, n (%) | ||
| Requires improvement | 14 | (17.28) |
| Good | 47 | (58.02) |
| Outstanding | 20 | (24.69) |
| SEL provision quality rating, mean (SD) | 11.99 | (2.58) |
| Teacher-rated school climate, SCCS, mean (SD) | 3.94 | (0.28) |
| Pupil sociodemographics | ||
| Gender, n (%) | ||
| Female | 14,499 | (55.25) |
| Male | 11,201 | (42.68) |
| Other/prefer not to say | 543 | (2.07) |
| Age, y, mean (range) | 12.20 | (10.90–14.73) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | ||
| White British | 19,652 | (75.18) |
| Asian | 2,731 | (10.45) |
| Black | 1,432 | (5.48) |
| Mixed and other ethnic minorities (eg, Arab) | 2,325 | (8.89) |
| Pupil mental health | ||
| Psychopathology, SDQb, mean (SD) | 11.85 | (6.50) |
| Normal, n (%) | 17,781 | (67.60) |
| Borderline, n (%) | 3,309 | (12.58) |
| High, n (%) | 1,657 | (6.30) |
| Very high, n (%) | 3,554 | (13.51) |
| Depression, CES-Dc, mean (SD) | 13.62 | (10.06) |
| Normal, n (%) | 17,844 | (67.21) |
| At risk, n (%) | 5,910 | (22.26) |
| Caseness, n (%) | 2,796 | (10.53) |
| Well-being, WEMWBS, mean (SD) | 49.57 | (9.87) |
Note: Sample size (n) and percentage (%) are given for categorical variables, and mean and SD are given for continuous variables; complete sample (N = 85 schools; N = 26,885 pupils), but number varies owing to missing data. CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression; IMD = index of multiple deprivation; OFSTED = Office for Standards in Education; SCCS = School Climate and Connectedness Survey; SDQ = Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; SEL = social and emotional learning; SEND = special educational needs and disability; WEMWBS = Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale.
OFSTED operates in England only.
SDQ cutoff points: normal (0–14); borderline (15–17); high (18–19); very high (20–40).25
CES-D cutoff points: low (0–15); at risk of depression (16–27); caseness (28–60).23