Table 4.
Unique Associations From Multilevel Models With Random Intercepts Between School Factors and Pupil’s Mental Health
| School factors | Psychopathology (SDQ) |
Depression (CES-D Scale) |
Well-being (WEMWBS) |
|||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted models |
Adjusted models for pupil’s age, gender, and ethnicity |
Unadjusted models |
Adjusted models for pupil’s age, gender, and ethnicity |
Unadjusted models |
Adjusted models for pupil’s age, gender, and ethnicity |
|||||||||||||
| Coefficient | (95% CI) | p | Coefficient | (95% CI) | p | Coefficient | (95% CI) | p | Coefficient | (95% CI) | p | Coefficient | (95% CI) | p | Coefficient | (95% CI) | p | |
| Urban vs rural | 0.49 | (−0.14 to 1.12) | .13 | 0.64 | (0.05 to 1.24) | .037 | 1.02 | (0.20 to 1.83) | .017 | 1.01 | (0.24 to 1.79) | .012 | −0.63 | (−1.39 to 0.13) | .11 | −0.73 | (−1.48 to 0.02) | .06 |
| Area-level deprivation | −0.08 | (−0.16 to 0.00) | .06 | −0.10 | (−0.18 to −0.02) | .018 | −0.09 | (−0.20 to 0.02) | .11 | −0.09 | (−0.20 to 0.01) | .09 | 0.01 | (−0.09 to 0.12) | .79 | 0.03 | (−0.08 to 0.13) | .62 |
| Pupils eligible for free school meals (%) | 0.03 | (0.01 to 0.06) | .016 | 0.03 | (0.01 to 0.06) | .010 | 0.02 | (−0.02 to 0.05) | .29 | 0.02 | (−0.01 to 0.05) | .26 | 0.00 | (−0.03 to 0.03) | .89 | −0.01 | (−0.04 to 0.02) | .65 |
| SEND support (%) | 0.02 | (−0.02 to 0.07) | .32 | 0.02 | (−0.02 to 0.07) | .28 | −0.01 | (−0.07 to 0.05) | .75 | 0.00 | (−0.06 to 0.06) | .94 | −0.01 | (−0.06 to 0.05) | .83 | −0.01 | (−0.07 to 0.04) | .65 |
| Ethnicity of pupils (%): White | 0.01 | (0.00 to 0.02) | .048 | 0.00 | (−0.01 to 0.01) | .63 | 0.00 | (−0.01 to 0.01) | .77 | 0.01 | (−0.01 to 0.02) | .42 | −0.02 | (−0.03 to −0.01) | .004 | −0.01 | (−0.02 to 0.00) | .032 |
| Mixed or single sex school | −0.31 | (−0.99 to 0.37) | .37 | −0.19 | (−0.85 to 0.47) | .57 | 0.61 | (−0.28 to 1.50) | .18 | −0.24 | (−1.11 to 0.63) | .59 | 0.38 | (−0.44 to 1.20) | .37 | 0.95 | (0.14 to 1.75) | .024 |
| School quality | −0.48 | (−0.83 to −0.13) | .009 | −0.41 | (−0.75 to −0.07) | .019 | −0.32 | (−0.80 to 0.16) | .20 | −0.45 | (−0.90 to −0.01) | .06 | 0.55 | (0.12 to 0.97) | .014 | 0.61 | (0.19 to 1.02) | .005 |
| School size (per 100 pupils) | −0.06 | (−0.13 to 0.00) | .071 | −0.06 | (−0.13 to 0.00) | .054 | −0.10 | (−0.19 to −0.01) | .035 | −0.09 | (−0.18 to −0.01) | .032 | 0.03 | (−0.05 to 0.12) | .43 | 0.03 | (−0.05 to 0.11) | .51 |
| Pupil-to-teacher ratio | −0.1 | (−0.23 to 0.03) | .14 | −0.09 | (−0.22 to 0.03) | .16 | −0.09 | (−0.27 to 0.08) | .31 | −0.09 | (−0.26 to 0.08) | .29 | 0.04 | (−0.12 to 0.20) | .62 | 0.06 | (−0.10 to 0.22) | .46 |
| SEL provision | −0.02 | (−0.11 to 0.07) | .67 | −0.02 | (−0.10 to 0.07) | .72 | −0.01 | (−0.13 to 0.11) | .84 | −0.02 | (−0.13 to 0.10) | .75 | −0.04 | (−0.15 to 0.07) | .49 | −0.03 | (−0.13 to 0.08) | .65 |
| Teacher-rated SCCS | −1.48 | (−2.27 to −0.70) | < .001 | −1.35 | (−2.10 to −0.59) | < .001 | −1.22 | (−2.30 to −0.13) | .030 | −1.45 | (−2.47 to −0.44) | .006 | 1.31 | (0.32 to 2.29) | .011 | 1.50 | (0.54 to 2.47) | .003 |
Note: Estimates are based on complete case analyses; total sample (N = 85 schools; N = 26,885 pupils), but N varies owing to missing data. CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression; SCCS = School Climate and Connectedness Survey; SEL = social and emotional learning; SEND = special educational needs and disability; SDQ = Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; WEMWBS = Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale.