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. 2021 Aug 20;25(4):289–300. doi: 10.1177/10892532211041320

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© The Author(s) 2021

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

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Figure 2. — Recommendations summary for the prevention of persistent postsurgical pain after cardiac surgery. Overarching goals include improvement of acute perioperative pain control (prevention of severe acute pain) and reduction in opioid requirements and associated side-effects. In general, a multimodal, opioid-sparing approach via a multidisciplinary team is recommended. *NSAIDs should be used with caution in patients with cardiovascular disease. **Neuraxial anesthesia should be performed with caution in the anticoagulated patient (APAP, acetaminophen; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories; TEA, thoracic epidural analgesia; TPVB, thoracic paravertebral block; ESP, erector spinae plane block; POD, postoperative day).