Table 2.

Various studies on Schistosomes and its influence on gut microbiota

Study methodology	Effects on gut microbiota	Study conclusion
NMR-based metabonomics and immunological techniques to detect systemic metabolic and immune responses of S. japonicum and S. Typhimurium (ATCC14028) coinfection in BALB/c mice [45]	S. Typhimurium infection reduces the number of adult schistosomal worms and eggs. Due to inverse immune polarization. S. Typhimurium infection can ameliorate S. japonicum-caused schistosomiasis and counteracts the metabolic disturbances associated with schistosomiasis	The study indicates the development of new tools for controlling Schistosoma japonicum-associated diseases
Shotgun metagenomic sequencing used to characterise the gut microbiome and resistome of Zimbabwean preschool-aged children (1–5 years) [53]	Bacteria phyla Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and fungi phyla Ascomycota, Microsporidia, Zoopagomycota dominate the microbiome. Specifically, infection is associated with increases in Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Derxia, Thalassospira, Aspergillus, Tricholoma, and Periglandula, with a decrease in Azospirillum	A novel metagenomic dataset that indicates an association between urogenital schistosome infection and changes in the gut microbiome
Screening the gut microbiota of S. mansoni infected and uninfected children from Côte d’Ivoire using V3 and V4 regions of 16S rRNA genes Follow-up on samples after administering 60 mg/kg praziquantel or placebo [54]	Over-abundance of Fusobacterium spp. in cured children. No significant effect on the microbial composition	Dysbacteriosis of the gut microbiota was not induced by S. mansoni and a specific microbiome profile could not influence praziquantel response
Assessing the influence of gut microbiota in the 28 kDa glutathione S-transferase (P28GST; a schistosome derived ensyme)-mediated anti-inflammatory effects of mice faecal microbiota transplantation The experimental data were supplemented by the temporal fecal microbiota compositions of P28GST-treated Crohn’s disease patients from a pilot clinical study [55]	The P28GST slightly modulated the diversity and composition of mouse fecal microbiota. However, colitis is significantly reduced in experimental mice	This study opens the door to helminth-derived molecules, as promising safe therapeutic use of immunomodulation
Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) platform for comparison between the metabolic profiles of the male and female S. japonicum worms collected from SCID mice and BALB/c mice at 5 weeks post infection [40]	There is an association between the schistosome with retarded growth and development in SCID mice Their perturbed metabolites and metabolic pathways provided a new insight into the growth and development regulation of S. japonicum worms At metabolic level, this indicated great clues for discovery of drugs or vaccines against the parasites and disease with more researches	This study gives great clues for discovery of drugs or vaccines against the parasites and disease