Fig. 1.

Description of experimental procedures. In-ovo feeding of glutamine (IOF-Gln, 1% glutamine in 0.4% NaCl), leucine (IOF-Leu, 1% leucine in 0.4% NaCl) and NaCl (IOF–NaCl, 0.75% NaCl) was conducted at embryonic d 17 (E 17). Each nutrient solution was manually injected into the amniotic fluid. Intestinal sampling for downstream procedures was conducted at E 17, prior to IOF treatments, and at E 19, day of hatch (DOH), d 1 post-hatch (D 1), D 3 and D 7 in control (non-injected) and IOF treatment groups.