Figure 1.

Cubic spline analysis of hazard ratios (HR) with HbA1c variability score (HVS) for all-site (A), breast (B) and liver cancer events (C). There was non-linearity of HVS with all-site cancer but linearity within the high HVS and low HVS group stratified by median of HVS. The joint associations of obesity (body mass index ≥25 kg/m²) and HVS stratified by median value of HVS were expressed as forest plots for all-site, breast, and liver cancer events, where low HVS & Non-obese group was used as the reference group (D).

Model 1: adjusted for time weighted mean A1c (mA1c), age, sex, and disease duration. Model 2: Model 1 plus BMI, use of tobacco and alcohol, HDL-cholesterol (HDLC), triglyceride (TG) (quantiles), LDL-cholesterol (LDLC), Alanine transferase (ALT), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), microalbuminuria, and macroalbuminuria, use of oral glucose lowering drugs (OGLDs), insulin, lipid lowering drugs (LLDs), and renin angiotensin system inhibitors (RASi), and history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and heart failure. HRs are expressed with 95% CIs in parentheses.