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. 2021 Nov 30;15:692181. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.692181

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Copyright © 2021 Moore and Cluff.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic of experimental protocols. (A) Task protocol and time course of Experiment 1. Participants began the first session (Initial) by performing unloaded reaching movements (Baseline phase), followed by movements with velocity-dependent forces (Adaptation phase), followed by unloaded reaching movements (Washout phase). Error-clamp trials were interleaved throughout the experiment (20% of trials in each phase). The same protocol was repeated the following day (24 h) and again 1 week after the 24-h session (1 week). (B) Task protocols for Experiments 2a and 2b. In Experiment 2a participants adapted to velocity- and position-dependent force fields. The magnitude of the position-dependent force field was identical across trials and independent from the velocity of movement. Participants in Experiment 2b adapted to a velocity-dependent force field and a 30° visuomotor rotation. The order of the tasks was counterbalanced across participants. The direction of the force fields and visuomotor rotation was flipped for left-handed participants.