Table 2.

Associations of HbA_1c and glucose-lowering medication use with adverse outcomes from COVID-19 among veterans with diabetes

	Hospital admission within 30 days of diagnosis (n = 64,892)		ICU admission within 30 days of diagnosis (n = 64,865)		Death within 30 days of diagnosis (n = 64,892)		Death by 31 December 2020 (n = 64,786)
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	HR	95% CI
HbA1c, %
<7.0	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
7.0–7.9	0.99	0.93–1.04	1.00	0.92–1.09	1.07	0.99–1.16	1.04	0.98–1.11
8.0–8.9	1.03	0.96–1.10	1.05	0.94–1.17	1.07	0.97–1.19	1.05	0.97–1.14
≥9.0	1.27	1.19–1.35	1.28	1.15–1.42	1.30	1.17–1.44	1.22	1.12–1.32
Metformin	0.96	0.92–1.01	0.98	0.91–1.06	0.84	0.78–0.91	0.84	0.79–0.89
Sulfonylurea	1.02	0.96–1.08	1.04	0.95–1.14	1.00	0.92–1.10	0.99	0.93–1.07
Thiazolidinedione	1.04	0.93–1.17	0.97	0.80–1.19	1.07	0.88–1.30	1.06	0.90–1.24
DPP4i	1.00	0.93–1.07	1.00	0.89–1.13	0.99	0.89–1.12	1.03	0.94–1.13
GLP1-RA	0.88	0.81–0.96	0.87	0.76–1.00	0.98	0.86–1.12	0.93	0.84–1.04
SGLT2i	0.92	0.85–0.99	0.93	0.82–1.06	0.82	0.72–0.94	0.82	0.74–0.92
Insulin	1.12	1.07–1.18	1.12	1.04–1.22	1.18	1.09–1.27	1.20	1.13–1.27
Female sex at birth	0.94	0.85–1.04	0.88	0.75–1.04	0.65	0.52–0.80	0.65	0.55–0.78
Age category, years
19–39	0.81	0.67–0.98	0.72	0.50–1.05	0.39	0.19–0.80	0.26	0.13–0.52
40–49	0.79	0.70–0.90	0.66	0.52–0.83	0.51	0.34–0.76	0.45	0.32–0.63
50–59	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
60–69	1.23	1.14–1.32	1.23	1.09–1.38	2.30	1.94–2.72	2.14	1.87–2.46
70–79	1.34	1.25–1.44	1.48	1.31–1.66	4.36	3.70–5.15	3.74	3.28–4.27
≥80	1.74	1.59–1.90	1.78	1.55–2.05	8.97	7.51–10.70	7.05	6.13–8.10
White (vs. not White)	0.94	0.87–1.01	0.8	0.76–0.96	0.82	0.74–0.92	0.89	0.81–0.97
Black (vs. not Black)	1.40	1.29–1.52	1.21	1.06–1.37	0.80	0.71–0.91	0.84	0.76–0.93
Hispanic (vs. not Hispanic)	1.17	1.08–1.26	1.25	1.11–1.41	1.21	1.08–1.36	1.12	1.02–1.23
BMI category, kg/m2
<18.5	0.91	0.71–1.16	1.14	0.80–1.61	1.37	0.99–1.89	1.36	1.10–1.69
18.5–24.9	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
25–29.9	0.86	0.80–0.93	0.95	0.84–1.07	0.88	0.79–0.98	0.83	0.76–0.90
30–34.9	0.81	0.76–0.88	0.98	0.87–1.10	0.87	0.78–0.98	0.77	0.71–0.84
35–39.9	0.82	0.76–0.89	1.01	0.89–1.15	0.82	0.72–0.93	0.76	0.68–0.84
≥40	0.90	0.82–0.99	1.10	0.95–1.28	0.99	0.85–1.15	0.84	0.75–0.95
Tobacco use
Never	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Former	1.17	1.11–1.23	1.23	1.12–1.34	1.27	1.17–1.38	1.21	1.13–1.29
Current	1.32	1.25–1.40	1.30	1.18–1.43	1.27	1.15–1.40	1.26	1.16–1.35
ACEi	1.03	0.98–1.08	1.11	1.03–1.20	0.88	0.81–0.95	0.86	0.81–0.92
ARB	0.94	0.89–0.99	1.00	0.92–1.10	0.83	0.76–0.91	0.82	0.76–0.88
Statin	0.94	0.90–0.99	0.94	0.87–1.02	0.83	0.77–0.89	0.81	0.77–0.86
Platelet inhibitor	1.08	1.03–1.13	1.04	0.97–1.12	1.12	1.05–1.21	1.11	1.05–1.18
Hypertension	1.25	1.15–1.36	1.27	1.09–1.48	1.06	0.92–1.22	1.09	0.97–1.22
Cardiovascular disease	1.56	1.48–1.64	1.53	1.40–1.66	1.31	1.20–1.41	1.38	1.29–1.47
Heart failure	1.67	1.59–1.76	1.57	1.46–1.70	1.29	1.20–1.38	1.35	1.28–1.43
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²
≥90	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
60–89	0.97	0.91–1.03	1.00	0.90–1.12	1.15	1.02–1.29	1.04	0.95–1.144
45–59	1.07	0.99–1.15	1.12	0.99–1.26	1.43	1.26–1.62	1.25	1.14–1.38
30–44	1.20	1.10–1.30	1.27	1.11–1.45	1.70	1.48–1.94	1.52	1.38–1.69
15–29	1.42	1.27–1.58	1.69	1.44–1.99	2.43	2.07–2.86	2.00	1.77–2.25
<15 or dialysis	1.58	1.40–1.79	1.74	1.45–2.08	2.16	1.81–2.58	2.00	1.76–2.28
Urban/rural/highly rural residence
Highly rural	0.64	0.51–0.78	0.81	0.58–1.13	1.58	1.24–2.01	1.45	1.19–1.75
Rural	0.70	0.67–0.73	0.80	0.74–0.87	1.02	0.95–1.09	0.99	0.94–1.05
Urban	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref

Cox models did not include individuals who died on the index date. Models additionally adjusted for geographic location by Veterans Integrated Service Network location and by month of COVID-19 diagnosis. Ref, reference.