Pro-inflammatory cytokines human IL-6 (A), IL-8 (B), and TNFα (C), and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (D) levels in culture medium collected from THP-1 macrophages after 48 h of U. parvum infection. Error bars represent mean concentration ± SEM, n=5 technical replicates. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ****, p < 0.0001.