Table 4.
Prevalence of some NCD risk factors at baseline of the Shahrekord PERSIAN Cohort Study, by sex and residence area
| Risk factors | N (%) | Sex | P | Residence Area | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (%) | Female (%) | Urban (%) | Rural (%) | P | |||
| Tobacco use a | |||||||
|
Frequent (%) Sometimes (%) |
1275 (12.7) 271 (2.7) |
1261 (27.1) 267 (5.7) |
14 (0.3) 4 (0.1) |
0.001 |
914 (13.3) 234 (3.4) |
361 (12) 37 (1.2) |
<0.001 |
| Use of alcohol (yes) | 1230 (12) | 1213 (24.4) | 17 (0.32) | 0.001 | 1066 (15.7) | 157 (5.1) | <0.001 |
| Use of hookah (yes) | 1381 (13.4) | 1158 (23.3) | 223 (4.2) | <0.001 | 1103 (15.5) | 268 (8.8) | <0.001 |
| Use of opium (yes) | 1283 (12.5) | 1252 (25.2) | 31 (0.58) | <0.001 | 832 (11.7) | 434 (14.2) | <0.001 |
| Smoking (yes) | 2534 (24.7) | 2499 (50.3) | 35 (0.6) | <0.001 | 1914 (27) | 594 (19.5) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity (MET)b | |||||||
| Low (<40.4) | 5744 (57.0) | 2612 (54.9) | 3132 (58.8) | <0.001 | 4639 (65.9) | 1105 (36.3) | <0.001 |
| High (≥40.4) | 4331 (43.0) | 2142 (45.1) | 2189 (41.2) | 2395 (34.1) | 1936 (63.7) | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 123 (1.2) | 80 (1.7) | 43 (0.8) | 61 (0.9) | 62 (2.0) | ||
|
Normal (18.5-24.9) Overweight (25-29.9) Obese (≥30) |
2781 (27.8) 4384 (43.8) 2710 (27.1) |
1588 (33.8) 2188 (46.6) 844 (18.0) |
1193 (22.5) 2196 (41.4) 1866 (35.2) |
<0.001 |
1706 (24.5) 3238 (46.5) 1964 (28.2) |
1075 (35.5) 1146 (37.8) 746 (24.6) |
<0.001 |
| Urine pH higher than 8.0 | 131 (1.3) | 42 (0.88) | 89 (1.6) | <0.001 | 126 (1.8) | 5 (0.16) | <0.001 |
|
Hypercholesterolemiac (≥240 (mg/dl)) |
879 (8.9) | 329 (7.1) | 550 (10.5) | <0.001 | 710 (10.3) | 169 (5.8) | <0.001 |
|
Hypertriglyceridemiad (≥150 (mg/dl)) |
3876 (39.4) | 2147 (46.5) | 1729 (33.1) | <0.001 | 3225 (46.7) | 651 (22.2) | <0.001 |
| High LDLe (≥160 (mg/dl)) | 1915 (19.6) | 743 (16.3) | 1172 (22.6) | <0.001 | 1384 (20.2) | 531 (18.2) | 0.018 |
| Multi-risk factors f | 5954 (61.4) | 3426 (75.3) | 2528 (48.8) | <0.001 | 4714 (69.2) | 1260 (42.7) | <0.001 |
| No risk factor | 1326 (13.6) | 379 (8.4) | 947 (18.4) | 567 (8.3) | 759 (26) | ||
| One risk factor | 2439 (25) | 739 (16.3) | 1700 (32.8) | 1525 (22.5) | 914 (31.2) | ||
|
Two risk factors Three risk factors ≥ 4 risk factors |
2379 (24.8) 1790 (18.4) 1785 (18.2) |
1014 (22.3) 1013 (22.2) 1399 (30.8) |
1365 (26.3) 777 (15) 386 (7.5) |
<0.001 |
1758 (25.9) 1455 (21.3) 1501 (22) |
621 (21) 355 (12) 284 (9.7) |
<0.001 |
a Non-cigarette tobacco (Naas, chopogh, pipe, Waterpipe)
b MET, metabolic equivalent rates
c high fasting plasma cholesterol
d high fasting plasma triglyceride
e LDL, low-density lipoproteins
f Multi-risk factors; the number of simultaneous two or more risk factors of obesity/hypercholesterolemia/ hypertriglyceridemia/ low physical activity/ opium use/ tobacco use/ smoking/alcohol use/ hookah use/ high fasting blood sugar/ high systolic and diastolic blood pressure