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. 2021 Dec 1;118(49):e2110968118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2110968118

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4.

VdAMP3 manipulates the mycobiome of the decaying N. benthamiana phyllosphere. (A and B) V. dahliae–induced decay of the N. benthamiana phyllosphere is associated with a decreased bacterial and increased fungal abundance. Relative abundance of bacteria (A) and fungi (B), excluding V. dahliae, in the phyllosphere of decaying N. benthamiana plants colonized by WT V. dahliae (WT) or the VdAMP3 deletion mutant (14 dpi and after 28 d of incubation in plastic bags) and in the phyllosphere of fresh N. benthamiana plants (mock). Letters represent significant differences in total bacterial/fungal abundance between the three treatments (one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test; P < 0.05; n = 3). (C) V. dahliae–induced decay of N. benthamiana plants impacts alpha diversity of the phyllosphere. The plot displays the average Shannon index ± SD; letters represent significant differences (one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test; P < 0.05; n = 3). (D) PCoA based on Bray–Curtis dissimilarities (beta diversity) reveals separation of the microbiomes based on the three different treatments. (E) Differential abundance analysis of microbial genera between the microbiomes colonized by V. dahliae WT and the VdAMP3 deletion mutant indicates that secretion of VdAMP3 significantly impacts a larger proportion of the fungi than of the bacteria (two-tailed Fisher’s exact test). (F) Of the differentially abundant microbial genera, significantly more fungi display a decreased abundance in the presence of VdAMP3 when compared with the bacteria (two-tailed Fisher’s exact test). (G and H) Overview of the differentially abundant bacterial (G) and fungal (H) genera. The plots display increased (positive log2 fold change) or decreased (negative log2 fold change) abundance in the presence of V. dahliae WT when compared with the VdAMP3 deletion mutant (Wald test, P adjusted < 0.05 and P < 0.05, n = 3). Differentially abundant fungal genera from the Saccharomycetes or Sordariomycetes are consistently suppressed in the presence of VdAMP3 (i.e., by V. dahliae WT).