TABLE 1.
Summary of studies included in this review
| References | Participants | Study design | Genes and SNPs | Results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Performance | Cieszczyk et al. 2011. [6] | Polish combat athletes (n = 60) and sedentary controls (n = 181) | Case- Control | PPARA rs4253778 | Higher frequency of the PPARA intron 7 G allele and GG genotype in a group of elite Polish combat athletes |
| Kikuchi et al. 2012. [7] | Japanese elite wrestlers (n = 135) and college students (n = 333) | Case- Control | ACTN3 R577X (rs1815739) ACE I/D (rs4646994) | The combination of the ACTN3 R allele + ACE DD genotype is associated with the athletic status of elite Japanese wrestlers. (odds ratio of ACTN3 R577X R allele + ACE DD genotype being international or national was 3.85 or 1.37) | |
| Rodriguez-Romo et al. 2013. [8] | Spanish Judo athletes (n = 108) and nonathletic men (n = 343) | Case- Control | ACTN3 R577X | No between-groups difference in allele | |
| Kikuchi et al. 2013. [9] | Japanese wrestlers (n = 135) and healthy controls (n = 243) | Case- Control | ACTN3 R577X | Lower frequency of the ACTN3 XX genotype in the elite group and inverse linear correlation between the frequency the ACTN3 XX genotype and level of athletic status | |
| Olga et al. 2013. [10] | Polish and Russian combat athletes (n = 159) and sedentary individuals (n = 1512) | Case- Control | CKM rs8111989 | G allele was significantly higher in combat athletes | |
| Kikuchi et al. 2017. [11] | Wrestlers (n = 199) and controls (n = 649) | Case-control | MCT1 rs1049434 | AA genotype of the MCT1 rs1049434 polymorphism is over-represented in wrestlers and associated with lower blood lactate concentration after 30 s anaerobic test and during intermittent sprint tests | |
| Ribas et al. 2017. [12] | Brazilian combat athletes (n = 37) | Cohort | ACTN3 R577X ACE I/D | No difference between athletes and controls | |
| Itaka et al. 2016. [13] | Japanese judo athletes (n = 156) and controls (n = 167) | Case- Control | IGF2 ApaI rs680 ACTN3 R577X | GG+GA genotype of the IGF2 gene higher in international-level athletes. Inverse correlation between the frequency of the IGF2 AA genotype and level of judo performance. Back muscle strength relative to height and weight higher in subjects with GG+GA genotype | |
| Guilherme et al. 2017. [14] | Brazilian athletes (n = 908; 328 endurance, 415 power, 165 combat) and non-athletes (n = 967) | Case- Control | CNDP1 rs733686, rs2887 CNDP2 rs12964619, rs6566810, rs3764509, rs734559, rs7577 CNDP1;CNDP2 rs2346061 | The power and combat groups showed an inverse genotype distribution for CNDP1 rs2887 | |
| Guilherme et al. 2019. [15] | Brazilian athletes (n = 677; 323 endurance, 192 power, 162 combat) and non-athletes (n = 652) Russian athletes (n = 920; 347 endurance, 228 power, 254 game, 91 combat) and non-athletes (n = 754) | Case- Control | FTO rs9939609 | No differences were found between Russian combat sports athletes and matched non-athletes; Increased frequency of A-allele carriers in the Brazilian combat group. | |
| Guilherme et al. 2020. [16] | Brazilian combat athletes (n = 164) and controls (n = 965) | Case- Control | GABPβ1 rs7181866 GABPβ1 rs8031031 (among 23 polymorphisms in 20 genes) | G-allele in rs7181866 in 4% of the controls compared to 8% of the athletes group or 10.9% of world-class competitors; T-allele in rs8031031 in 4% of the controls compared to 9.5% of the athletes group or 11.9% of world-class competitors | |
| Pain perception | Leźnicka et al. 2017. [17] | Combat athletes (n = 214) and healthy controls (n = 395) | Case- Control | COMT rs4680 OPRM1 rs1799971 | No difference between athletes and controls. |
| Emotional or mental trait | Tartar et al. 2020. [18] | Martial arts fighters (n = 21), athletes (n = 21), and control (n = 41) | Case- Control | COMT rs4680 | Greater GG genotype frequency in martial art fighters |
| Leźnicka et al. 2018. [19] | Combat athletes (n = 199) and healthy controls (n = 165) | Case- Control | COMT rs4680 OPRM1 rs1799971 | homozygous athletes with the G allele (GG) of COMT were characterized by lower sensitivity, | |
| Cherepkova et al. 2019. [20] | MMA fighters (n = 107), Criminals (n = 214), controls (n = 425 for DRD4 gene, n = 941 for DAT gene) | Case- Control | DRD4 Ex3 VNTR DAT VNTR | Combination of the DRD4 genotype 4/7 and DAT genotype 10/10 higher in the violent criminals and MMA fighters | |
| Michalowska- Sawczyn et al. 2019. [21] | Polish combat athletes (n = 200) and healthy controls (n = 102) | Case- Control | DRD4 Ex3 VNTR | No differences of genotype between cases and controls, but associated with openness and conscientiousness | |
| Peplonska et al. 2019. [22] | Elite athletes (n = 621; 212 endurance, 183 power, 226 combat) and sedentary controls (n = 672) | Case-control | FEV rs860573 SLC6A2 rs2242446 HTR1B rs11568817 ADRA2A rs521674 (among 67 polymorphic sites in 28 genes) | AG genotype in FEV rs860573 was markedly frequent in the control (combat sports 3.18%, p = 0.025). CC genotype in SLC6A2 rs2242446 was underrepresented, C allele in HTR1B rs11568817 and TT+AT genotypes in ADRA2A rs521674 were overrepresented in combat sports | |
| Psychological | Boulygina et al. 2020.23 | Tatar wrestlers (n = 20), athletes (n = 283; 101 boxing, 82 wrestling, 21 karate, 24 taekwondo, 45 volleyball, 10 table tennis), controls (n = 189) | Case-control | Whole genome sequencing | 4 alleles (KIF27 rs10125715 A, APC rs518013 A, TMEM229A rs7783359 T, LRRN3 rs80054135 T) were found to be independently associated with the best reaction time in wrestlers |
SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism