TABLE 1.
Description of the flywheel devices, monitoring technologies, real-time mechanical variables and training outcomes
| Study | TS | Sample | ST | Exercise | Assessment device | MI (kg m 2) | Volume per exercise (F/S/R) | Real time variables measured | CON | ECC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aagaard et al. [28] | A | 21 elite soccer players | HC | Single-leg extension | Strain gauge, Dynamometer | Unclear | 1 session x 1 week / 4 x 16 |
Peak speed, Peak torque, Peak power, Torque Power at 50% of CON |
Yes | No |
| Berg & Tesch [32] | A | 11 physically active men | HC | Leg press | Strain gauge, Linear potentiometer, EMG |
? | 1 session x 1 week / 1 x 10 |
Mean force, Peak force, Momentary speed, Mean Power, Mean Work, EMG |
Yes | Yes |
| Tesch et al. [23] | C | 10 physically active subjects (men = 7 and women = 3) | HC | Single-leg extension | Strain gauge | ? | 2–3 session x 5 weeks / 4 x 7 |
Mean force, Peak power | Yes | Yes |
| Caruso et al [49] | A | 31 physically active subjects (men = 13 and women = 18) |
HC | Calf press | Force platform, EMG |
? | 1 session x 1 week / 3 x 10 |
Mean work, Mean power, EMG |
Yes | Yes |
| Chiu & Salem [16] |
A | 11physically active (men = 5 and women = 6 |
VC | Lunge, Front squat, Push press | Force platform, 8-camera optoelectronic motion capture system |
? | 1 session x 1 week / 3 x 3 |
Net joint impulse, Net join moment, Net joint power, Relative impulse |
Yes | Yes |
| Pozzo et al. [33] | A | 9 physically active men | HC | Single-leg extension | Strain gauge, Potentiometer, | ? | 2 sessions x 1 week / 1 x 30 |
Momentary torque, EMG, CV, iMNF, ARV |
Yes | Yes |
| Tous-Fajardo et al. [50] | A | 20 male soccer/rugby players | HC | Leg curl | Strain gauge, linear encoder, EMG | 0.11, 0.22 |
1 session / 1 x 6 | Peak force Mean force, Peak power, Mean power, Peak speed, Mean speed, EMGrms, EMG-E:C-r |
Yes | Yes |
| Norrbrand et al. [27] | C | 15 physically active men | HC | Single-leg extension | Strain gauge, Linear encoder | 0.11 | 2–3 session x 5 weeks / 4 x 7 |
Mean speed, Total work, Peak power, Mean power, Peak force, Mean force, |
Yes | Yes |
| Norrbrand et al. [1] | C | 9 physically active men | HC | Single-leg extension | EMG | 0.11 | 2–3 session x 5 weeks / 4 x 7 |
Normalized EMG, EMGrms | Yes | Yes |
| Norrbrand et al. [51] | A | 10 trained men | HC | Leg press | Strain gauge, Linear encoder, EMG |
0.14 | 1 session / 5 x 10 | Peak force, Mean force, Normalized EMG |
Yes | Yes |
| Carmona et al. [52] | A | 10 physically active men | VC | Half-squat | Strain gauge and linear encoder | Minimum cone radius | 1 session / 7 x 10 | Momentary speed, Momentary force, Peak power, Mean power, |
Yes | Yes |
| Fernandez-Gonzalo et al. [2] | C | 32 physically active subjects (men = 16, women = 16) |
HC | Leg press | Encoder | 0.14 | 2–3 sessions x 6 weeks / 4 x 7 |
Peak power, Mean power, EO (%) |
Yes | Yes |
| Coratella et al. [3] | A | 13 physically active men | - | Squat | Encoder | ? | 2 sessions / 10 x 10 | Peak power, Mean power | Yes | Yes |
| Moras et al. [53] | A | 21 physically active men | VC | Squat | Strain gauge, Linear encoder | 0.27 | 1 session / 6 x 6 | Peak force, Mean force, Mean speed |
Yes | Yes |
| Vázquez-Guerrero et al. [17] | A | 13 male national-level sprinters |
VC | Squat | Strain gauge | 0.12, 0.27 |
1 session / 4 x 3 | Peak force, Mean force | Yes | Yes |
| Martinez-Aranda et al. [26] | A | 22 physically active subjects (men = 11 and women = 11) |
HC | Single-leg extension | Strain gauge, Rotary encoder, | 0.0125, 0.025, 0.0375 , 0.05 , 0.075 , 0.1 |
1 session / 6 x 3 | Peak force, Mean force, Coupling CON-ECC time, SSC, Momentary torque, Power (only CON) Work (only CON) EO |
Yes | Yes |
| Nuñez et al. [18] | A | 15 rugby players | VC | High Pull | Linear encoder, Force platform |
Maximal cone radius | 2 sessions / 6 x 6 | Peak speed, Peak acceleration, Mean propulsive speed, Mean propulsive acceleration, Mean force, Peak force |
Yes | Yes |
| Sabido et al. [54] | C | 18 handball players | HC | Half-squat, Lunge | Rotary encoder | 0.05 | 1 session x 7 weeks / 2 x 8 per exercise |
Mean Power, Peak Power | Yes | Yes |
| Illera-Domínguez et al. [55] | C | 10 young resistance training naive |
HC | Squat | Friction encoder | 0.09 | 2–3 sessions x 4 weeks / 5 x 10 |
Mean force, Mean power | Yes | Yes |
| Sabido et al. [24] | A | 24 high-level handball players | HC | Quarter-squat | Rotary encoder | 0.025, 0.050, 0.075, 0.100 |
1 session x 4 weeks / days of 4x10 + 1 x15 per load | Peak power, E:C-r | Yes | Yes |
| Alkner et al. [29] | A | 8 physically active men | HC | Leg press | Strain gauge, EMG |
0.1105 | 1 session / 1 x 8 | EMG | Yes | Yes |
| Carroll et al. [15] | A | 17 physically active subjects (men = 16, women = 1) |
HC | Squat | Force plateforms, EMG |
0.01, 0.025, 0.050, 0.060 0.075 0.1 |
1 session /2 x 13 + 1 session / 1 x 13 |
Peak force, Peak velocity EMG |
Yes | Yes |
| Castillo et al. [57] | A | 24 physically active men | HC | Half-squat | Rotary encoder | 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 |
2 sessions x 1 week / 4 x 8 |
Peak power, Mean power | Yes | Yes |
| Maroto-Izquierdo et al. [58] | C | 10 physically active men | HC | Single-leg squat | Rotary encoder | 0.05 | 2 sessions x 6 weeks / 5 x 3 | Peak power | Yes | Yes |
| Piqueras-Sanchiz et al. [30] | A | 20 physically active men (10 per load) | HC | Lunge | Rotary encoder | 0.075, 0.1 | 1 session x 1 week / 4 x 7 | Peak power, Mean power, Mean speed |
Yes | Yes |
| Núñez et al. [19] | A | 22 physically active men | HC VC |
Half-squat | Force platforms, Linear encoder |
0.11, 0.22, 0.33 |
2 session x 1 week / 3 x 7 | Peak force, Peak speed, Mean force, Impulse |
Yes | Yes |
| Raya-Gonzalez et al. [20] | A | 20 young elite soccer players (U17) |
HC | Half-squat Lateral squat |
Rotary encoder | 0.025 (Half-squat), 0.01 (Lateral squat) |
2 session x 1 week / 2 x 6 (per exercise) |
Mean power, Peak power |
Yes | Yes |
| Worcester et al. [25] | A | 9 physically active subjects (male = 3; female = 6) |
HC | Squat | Rotary encoder | 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 |
1 session x 1 week / 3 x 6 | Mean power, Mean force, Mean speed, |
Yes | Yes |
Note: HC: horizontal cylinder; VC: vertical cone; E:C-r = eccentric:concentric ratio; EO: eccentric overload; CV: conduction velocity; iMNF: instantaneous mean power spectral frequency; ARV: mean rectified value; F/S/R: frequency / sets / repetitions; D: study; CON: concentric; ECC: eccentric; EMG: electromyography; EMGrms: electromyography root mean square; SSC: stretch-shortening cycle; ? = data not provided by authors; MI = moment of inertia.