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Top: Physical and chemical stimuli detected by the ion channel receptors identified by Julius and Patapoutian (match, painful heat; pepper, capsaicin; lemon, acid; snowflake, cold; mint leaves, menthol; hammer, strong mechanical force; feather, weak mechanical force). Middle: Cartoons of TRPV1, TRPM8, and Piezo ion channel structures. Bottom: Sensory perceptions evoked through each channel.
