Table 3.
Univariate and Multivariate Cox Proportional Hazards Analysis of Lung Cancer Based on SEER Database
| Types of Cox Analysis | Comparing Factors | B | SE | Wald | df | Sig. | HR | 95.0% HR, CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | ||||||||
| Univariate | Primary site | 51,359.75 | 8 | 0.000 | |||||
| Right middle lobe vs Right upper lobe | −0.075 | 0.006 | 152.810 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.927 | 0.916 | 0.939 | |
| Right lower lobe vs Right upper lobe | 0.027 | 0.004 | 49.306 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.027 | 1.019 | 1.035 | |
| Left upper lobe vs Right upper lobe | 0.041 | 0.003 | 151.521 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.042 | 1.035 | 1.048 | |
| Left lower lobe vs Right upper lobe | 0.017 | 0.004 | 16.670 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.017 | 1.009 | 1.025 | |
| Main bronchus vs Right upper lobe | 0.528 | 0.005 | 9,373.596 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.696 | 1.678 | 1.714 | |
| Over lapping lesion of lung vs Right upper lobe | 0.247 | 0.010 | 557.362 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.280 | 1.254 | 1.306 | |
| Lung, NOS vs Right upper lobe | 0.654 | 0.004 | 34,847.930 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.923 | 1.910 | 1.937 | |
| Others (a) vs Right upper lobe | 0.511 | 0.020 | 626.507 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.666 | 1.601 | 1.734 | |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male vs Female | 0.215 | 0.002 | 8,886.971 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.240 | 1.234 | 1.245 | |
| Age | 33,386.410 | 5 | 0.000 | ||||||
| 45–54 years vs < 45 years | 0.277 | 0.010 | 724.156 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.319 | 1.293 | 1.346 | |
| 55–64 years vs < 45 years | 0.343 | 0.010 | 1,225.613 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.409 | 1.382 | 1.436 | |
| 65–74 years vs < 45 years | 0.426 | 0.010 | 1,941.140 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.532 | 1.503 | 1.561 | |
| 75–84 years vs < 45 years | 0.658 | 0.010 | 4,590.031 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.931 | 1.894 | 1.968 | |
| 85+ years vs < 45 years | 1.001 | 0.010 | 9,588.206 | 1 | 0.000 | 2.722 | 2.668 | 2.777 | |
| Race | 1,222.947 | 2 | 0.000 | ||||||
| Black vs White | 0.059 | 0.004 | 263.022 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.061 | 1.053 | 1.068 | |
| Others (b) vs White | −0.144 | 0.005 | 867.837 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.865 | 0.857 | 0.874 | |
| Origin recode NHIA | |||||||||
| Non-Spanish-Hispanic-Latino vs Spanish-Hispanic-Latino | 0.016 | 0.005 | 9.888 | 1 | 0.002 | 1.016 | 1.006 | 1.027 | |
| Median household income inflation adj to 2019 | 2,931.738 | 6 | 0.000 | ||||||
| $35,000–$44,999 vs <$35,000 | −0.054 | 0.009 | 38.994 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.948 | 0.932 | 0.964 | |
| $45,000–$54,999 vs <$35,000 | −0.072 | 0.008 | 78.900 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.930 | 0.915 | 0.945 | |
| $55,000–$64,999 vs <$35,000 | −0.119 | 0.008 | 220.252 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.888 | 0.874 | 0.902 | |
| $65,000–$74,999 vs <$35,000 | −0.163 | 0.008 | 407.928 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.850 | 0.836 | 0.863 | |
| $75,000+ vs <$35,000 | −0.219 | 0.008 | 756.831 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.803 | 0.790 | 0.816 | |
| Others (c) vs <$35,000 | −0.173 | 0.123 | 1.967 | 1 | 0.161 | 0.841 | 0.661 | 1.071 | |
| Rural-Urban Continuum | 1,835.107 | 5 | 0.000 | ||||||
| Counties in metropolitan areas of 250,000 to 1 million pop vs Counties in metropolitan areas of greater than 1 million pop | 0.036 | 0.003 | 146.527 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.037 | 1.031 | 1.043 | |
| Counties in metropolitan areas of less than 250 thousand pop vs Counties in metropolitan areas of greater than 1 million pop | 0.087 | 0.004 | 462.909 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.091 | 1.083 | 1.100 | |
| Nonmetropolitan counties adjacent to a metropolitan area vs Counties in metropolitan areas of greater than 1 million pop | 0.118 | 0.004 | 848.592 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.126 | 1.117 | 1.135 | |
| Nonmetropolitan counties not adjacent to a metropolitan vs Counties in metropolitan areas of greater than 1 million pop | 0.144 | 0.005 | 946.941 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.155 | 1.144 | 1.166 | |
| Others (d) vs Counties in metropolitan areas of greater than 1 million pop | 0.139 | 0.030 | 21.202 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.149 | 1.083 | 1.220 | |
| Histologic type (ICD-O-3) | 74,262.360 | 7 | 0.000 | ||||||
| Epithelial neoplasms, NAS vs Neoplasia, NAS | −0.296 | 0.005 | 3,638.861 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.744 | 0.737 | 0.751 | |
| Squamous cell neoplasms vs Neoplasia, NAS | −0.700 | 0.005 | 18,147.780 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.497 | 0.492 | 0.502 | |
| Adenoma and adenocarcinomas vs Neoplasia, NAS | −0.900 | 0.005 | 33,303.950 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.406 | 0.403 | 0.410 | |
| Cystic, mucinous and serous neoplasms vs Neoplasia, NAS | −0.933 | 0.011 | 6,687.317 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.393 | 0.385 | 0.402 | |
| Acinous cell neoplasm vs Neoplasia, NAS | −2.005 | 0.021 | 9,539.132 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.135 | 0.129 | 0.140 | |
| Complex epithelial neoplasms vs Neoplasia, NAS | −0.859 | 0.012 | 5,433.430 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.424 | 0.414 | 0.433 | |
| Others (e) vs Neoplasia, NAS | −0.962 | 0.020 | 2,265.927 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.382 | 0.367 | 0.398 | |
| Year of diagnosis | 7,025.014 | 17 | 0.000 | ||||||
| 2001 vs 2000 | −0.006 | 0.007 | 0.709 | 1 | 0.400 | 0.994 | 0.982 | 1.007 | |
| 2002 vs 2000 | −0.006 | 0.007 | 0.912 | 1 | 0.339 | 0.994 | 0.981 | 1.007 | |
| 2003 vs 2000 | −0.022 | 0.007 | 11.283 | 1 | 0.001 | 0.978 | 0.966 | 0.991 | |
| 2004 vs 2000 | −0.038 | 0.007 | 33.250 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.963 | 0.951 | 0.975 | |
| 2005 vs 2000 | −0.054 | 0.007 | 68.099 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.947 | 0.935 | 0.960 | |
| 2006 vs 2000 | −0.077 | 0.007 | 136.769 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.926 | 0.914 | 0.938 | |
| 2007 vs 2000 | −0.088 | 0.007 | 181.709 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.915 | 0.904 | 0.927 | |
| 2008 vs 2000 | −0.104 | 0.007 | 252.221 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.901 | 0.889 | 0.913 | |
| 2009 vs 2000 | −0.117 | 0.007 | 315.202 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.890 | 0.878 | 0.901 | |
| 2010 vs 2000 | −0.131 | 0.007 | 388.059 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.877 | 0.866 | 0.889 | |
| 2011 vs 2000 | −0.162 | 0.007 | 586.987 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.850 | 0.839 | 0.861 | |
| 2012 vs 2000 | −0.156 | 0.007 | 540.690 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.855 | 0.844 | 0.867 | |
| 2013 vs 2000 | −0.182 | 0.007 | 724.595 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.833 | 0.822 | 0.844 | |
| 2014 vs 2000 | −0.220 | 0.007 | 1,029.316 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.803 | 0.792 | 0.814 | |
| 2015 vs 2000 | −0.271 | 0.007 | 1,512.721 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.762 | 0.752 | 0.773 | |
| 2016 vs 2000 | −0.311 | 0.007 | 1,876.193 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.733 | 0.722 | 0.743 | |
| 2017 vs 2000 | −0.348 | 0.008 | 2,105.528 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.706 | 0.696 | 0.717 | |
| Summary stage | 205,903.400 | 3 | 0 | ||||||
| Localized vs Distant | −1.426 | 0.004 | 165,939.800 | 1 | 0 | 0.240 | 0.239 | 0.242 | |
| Regional vs Distant | −0.884 | 0.003 | 90,444.560 | 1 | 0 | 0.413 | 0.411 | 0.415 | |
| Unknown/unstaged vs Distant | −0.256 | 0.005 | 2,733.579 | 1 | 0 | 0.774 | 0.767 | 0.782 | |
| Multivariate | Primary Site | 30,355.820 | 8 | 0.000 | |||||
| Right middle lobe vs Right upper lobe | −0.045 | 0.006 | 55.071 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.956 | 0.944 | 0.967 | |
| Right lower lobe vs Right upper lobe | 0.038 | 0.004 | 100.117 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.039 | 1.031 | 1.047 | |
| Left upper lobe vs Right upper lobe | 0.028 | 0.003 | 71.195 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.028 | 1.022 | 1.035 | |
| Left lower lobe vs Right upper lobe | 0.031 | 0.004 | 55.730 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.031 | 1.023 | 1.040 | |
| Main bronchus vs Right upper lobe | 0.446 | 0.005 | 6,583.468 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.562 | 1.545 | 1.579 | |
| Over lapping lesion of lung vs Right upper lobe | 0.257 | 0.010 | 603.009 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.293 | 1.267 | 1.320 | |
| Lung, NOS vs Right upper lobe | 0.519 | 0.004 | 20,830.791 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.681 | 1.669 | 1.693 | |
| Others (f) vs Right upper lobe | 0.424 | 0.020 | 431.055 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.528 | 1.468 | 1.590 | |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male vs Female | 0.197 | 0.002 | 7,283.054 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.217 | 1.212 | 1.223 | |
| Age | 29,870.587 | 5 | 0.000 | ||||||
| 45–54 years vs < 45 years | 0.261 | 0.010 | 639.066 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.299 | 1.272 | 1.325 | |
| 55–64 years vs < 45 years | 0.348 | 0.010 | 1,254.460 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.417 | 1.389 | 1.444 | |
| 65–74 years vs < 45 years | 0.459 | 0.010 | 2,223.302 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.582 | 1.552 | 1.613 | |
| 75–84 years vs < 45 years | 0.688 | 0.010 | 4,960.363 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.990 | 1.952 | 2.029 | |
| 85+ years vs < 45 years | 0.960 | 0.010 | 8,635.988 | 1 | 0.000 | 2.611 | 2.559 | 2.665 | |
| Race | 849.583 | 2 | 0.000 | ||||||
| Black vs White | 0.095 | 0.004 | 642.820 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.099 | 1.091 | 1.108 | |
| Others (g) vs White | −0.062 | 0.005 | 153.648 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.939 | 0.930 | 0.949 | |
| Origin recode NHIA | |||||||||
| Non-Spanish-Hispanic-Latino vs Spanish-Hispanic-Latino | 0.018 | 0.005 | 12.181 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.018 | 1.008 | 1.029 | |
| Median household income inflation adj to 2019 | 1,279.382 | 6 | 0.000 | ||||||
| $35,000–$44,999 vs <$35,000 | −0.055 | 0.009 | 37.947 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.946 | 0.930 | 0.963 | |
| $45,000–$54,999 vs <$35,000 | −0.082 | 0.009 | 87.256 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.921 | 0.905 | 0.937 | |
| $55,000–$64,999 vs <$35,000 | −0.126 | 0.009 | 194.220 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.881 | 0.866 | 0.897 | |
| $65,000–$74,999 vs <$35,000 | −0.165 | 0.009 | 316.049 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.848 | 0.833 | 0.864 | |
| $75,000+ vs <$35,000 | −0.203 | 0.009 | 479.380 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.816 | 0.802 | 0.831 | |
| Others (h) vs <$35,000 | −0.773 | 0.127 | 36.796 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.462 | 0.360 | 0.593 | |
| Rural-Urban Continuum | 83.075 | 5 | 0.000 | ||||||
| Counties in metropolitan areas of 250,000 to 1 million pop vs Counties in metropolitan areas of greater than 1 million pop | 0.013 | 0.003 | 19.031 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.014 | 1.007 | 1.020 | |
| Counties in metropolitan areas of less than 250 thousand pop vs Counties in metropolitan areas of greater than 1 million pop | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.068 | 1 | 0.795 | 1.001 | 0.992 | 1.010 | |
| Nonmetropolitan counties adjacent to a metropolitan area vs Counties in metropolitan areas of greater than 1 million pop | −0.005 | 0.005 | 0.897 | 1 | 0.344 | 0.995 | 0.986 | 1.005 | |
| Nonmetropolitan counties not adjacent to a metropolitan vs Counties in metropolitan areas of greater than 1 million pop | 0.008 | 0.006 | 1.923 | 1 | 0.166 | 1.008 | 0.997 | 1.020 | |
| Others (i) vs Counties in metropolitan areas of greater than 1 million pop | 0.243 | 0.032 | 59.247 | 1 | 0.000 | 1.275 | 1.199 | 1.357 | |
| Histologic type ICDO3 | 42,139.807 | 7 | 0.000 | ||||||
| Epithelial neoplasms, NAS vs Neoplasia, NAS | −0.053 | 0.005 | 106.351 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.949 | 0.939 | 0.958 | |
| Squamous cell neoplasms vs Neoplasia, NAS | −0.428 | 0.005 | 6,132.065 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.652 | 0.645 | 0.659 | |
| Adenoma and adenocarcinomas vs Neoplasia, NAS | −0.557 | 0.005 | 11,534.349 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.573 | 0.567 | 0.579 | |
| Cystic, mucinous and serous neoplasms vs Neoplasia, NAS | −0.578 | 0.012 | 2,506.946 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.561 | 0.549 | 0.574 | |
| Acinous cell neoplasm vs Neoplasia, NAS | −1.553 | 0.021 | 5,656.729 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.212 | 0.203 | 0.220 | |
| Complex epithelial neoplasms vs Neoplasia, NAS | −0.533 | 0.012 | 2,045.116 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.587 | 0.574 | 0.601 | |
| Others (j) vs Neoplasia, NAS | −0.619 | 0.020 | 928.675 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.539 | 0.518 | 0.560 | |
| Year of diagnosis | 2,414.036 | 17 | 0.000 | ||||||
| 2001 vs 2000 | −0.010 | 0.007 | 2.319 | 1 | 0.128 | 0.990 | 0.977 | 1.003 | |
| 2002 vs 2000 | −0.014 | 0.007 | 4.348 | 1 | 0.037 | 0.986 | 0.974 | 0.999 | |
| 2003 vs 2000 | −0.034 | 0.007 | 27.497 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.966 | 0.954 | 0.979 | |
| 2004 vs 2000 | −0.050 | 0.007 | 58.507 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.951 | 0.939 | 0.963 | |
| 2005 vs 2000 | −0.061 | 0.007 | 86.634 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.941 | 0.929 | 0.953 | |
| 2006 vs 2000 | −0.079 | 0.007 | 142.858 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.924 | 0.913 | 0.936 | |
| 2007 vs 2000 | −0.083 | 0.007 | 159.809 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.920 | 0.908 | 0.932 | |
| 2008 vs 2000 | −0.092 | 0.007 | 193.962 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.912 | 0.900 | 0.924 | |
| 2009 vs 2000 | −0.099 | 0.007 | 223.976 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.906 | 0.894 | 0.918 | |
| 2010 vs 2000 | −0.100 | 0.007 | 224.238 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.905 | 0.893 | 0.917 | |
| 2011 vs 2000 | −0.110 | 0.007 | 267.803 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.896 | 0.884 | 0.907 | |
| 2012 vs 2000 | −0.100 | 0.007 | 218.197 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.905 | 0.893 | 0.917 | |
| 2013 vs 2000 | −0.115 | 0.007 | 283.473 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.891 | 0.880 | 0.903 | |
| 2014 vs 2000 | −0.141 | 0.007 | 418.512 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.868 | 0.857 | 0.880 | |
| 2015 vs 2000 | −0.176 | 0.007 | 631.345 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.838 | 0.827 | 0.850 | |
| 2016 vs 2000 | −0.200 | 0.007 | 762.693 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.819 | 0.808 | 0.831 | |
| 2017 vs 2000 | −0.231 | 0.008 | 918.224 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.794 | 0.782 | 0.806 | |
| Summary stage | 184,737.000 | 3 | 0.000 | ||||||
| Localized vs Distant | −1.385 | 0.004 | 149,948.100 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.250 | 0.248 | 0.252 | |
| Regional vs Distant | −0.854 | 0.003 | 82,171.650 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.426 | 0.423 | 0.428 | |
| Unknown/unstaged vs Distant | −0.533 | 0.005 | 11,191.940 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.587 | 0.581 | 0.593 | |
Notes: (a) Others included Only one side - side unspecified, Bilateral, single primary and Paired site, but no information concerning laterality. (b) Others included Asian or Pacific Islander and American Indian/Alaska Native. (c) Others included unknown/missing/no match/Not 1990–2018. (d) Others included Unknown/missing/no match (Alaska or Hawaii - Entire State) and Unknown/missing/no match/Not 1990–2018. (e) Others included all the histological types of lung cancer except the above seven types. (f) Others included Only one side - side unspecified, Bilateral, single primary and Paired site, but no information concerning laterality. (g) Others included Asian or Pacific Islander and American Indian/Alaska Native (h) Others included unknown/missing/no match/Not 1990–2018 (i) Others included Unknown/missing/no match (Alaska or Hawaii - Entire State) and Unknown/missing/no match/Not 1990–2018. (j) Others included all the histological types of lung cancer except the above seven types.