Figure 1.

(A) Hepatic metabolism of ethanol and fatty acids and ketogenesis are shown. (B) Non-hepatic metabolism of D-BHB, acetate, and glucose in the cytosol and mitochondria converge on acetyl-CoA which enters the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Within neurons, acetoacetate and D-BHB are transported into the mitochondria via monocarboxylate transporters. Abbreviations: TCA Cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle/the citric acid cycle/Kreb's cycle; D-BHB, D-β-Hydroxybutyrate; NAD(H), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; SCOT, 3-ketoacid CoA transferase; ACAT, acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase; I, NADH ubiquinone oxireductase; II, succinate dehydrogenase; III, CoQH₂-cytochrome c reductase; IV, cytochrome c oxidase; ATP Synthase, F_OF₁ ATP synthase; PDC, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.