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DSP-4 treatment decreased the activation of astrocytes in surgical rats. The activation of astrocytes in the prefrontal cortex (A) and hippocampus (B) at 1 week postoperatively. (C,D) Mean fluorescence intensity in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus at 1 week postoperatively. The data are presented as the means ± SEM for each group (n = 3 per cohort). *p < 0.05 compared to Group V, #p < 0.05 compared to Group V + S, DP < 0.05 compared to Group D.
