Fig. 8.

Mechanism of MSC therapy in OA [171]. (A) Intra-articular injection of MSCs into an OA joint. (B) Cartilage degradation markers and inflammation mediators were downregulated, and cartilage synthesis markers were upregulated after injection. The anti-catabolic, anti-anabolic, and anti-inflammatory effects of MSCs are the main therapeutic effect against OA. Monitor for the variation of these markers had been proposed as a method to evaluate the efficacy of MSC therapies in OA. Reproduced with permission [171]. Copyright 2019, Springer.