Scheme 1.

Therapeutic strategies for cartilage damage under abnormal conditions, such as cartilage regeneration in osteochondral defect, growth plate defect, weight-bearing area defect, and OA and RA conditions. During this process, scaffolds play roles in regenerating multi-layered defects, bearing compression, and hindering heterotopic ossification during growth plate regeneration. Meanwhile, MSCs differentiate into chondrocytes as well as osteoblasts to repair tissue defects and regulate abnormal inflammatory conditions of OA and RA.