Table 2a.
Description of the sample by race.
| Overall |
African |
White |
Coloured |
Indian/Asian |
P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = |
7443 |
N = |
5315 |
N = |
146 |
N = |
1610 |
N = |
372 |
||
| Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | ||
| Demographic variables | |||||||||||
| Age group (years) | |||||||||||
| Age <25 | 27.3% | 0.01 | 29.3% | 0.01 | 16.4% | 0.03 | 24.4% | 0.01 | 14.8% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Age >25 & < 35 | 16.7% | 0.00 | 17.1% | 0.01 | 10.3% | 0.03 | 17.5% | 0.01 | 11.3% | 0.02 | |
| Age >35 & < 45 | 15.1% | 0.00 | 14.7% | 0.00 | 13.7% | 0.03 | 16.4% | 0.01 | 15.1% | 0.02 | |
| Age >45 & < 55 | 15.9% | 0.00 | 14.5% | 0.00 | 11.6% | 0.03 | 19.0% | 0.01 | 23.1% | 0.02 | |
| Age >55 & < 65 | 13.2% | 0.00 | 12.3% | 0.00 | 28.8% | 0.04 | 13.2% | 0.01 | 19.9% | 0.02 | |
| Age >65 | 11.8% | 0.00 | 12.0% | 0.00 | 19.2% | 0.03 | 9.6% | 0.01 | 15.9% | 0.02 | |
| Missing | |||||||||||
| Gender | |||||||||||
| Female | 64.9% | 0.01 | 65.2% | 0.01 | 52.1% | 0.04 | 65.3% | 0.01 | 62.1% | 0.03 | 0.08 |
| Male | 35.1% | 0.01 | 34.8% | 0.01 | 47.9% | 0.04 | 34.7% | 0.01 | 37.9% | 0.03 | |
| Missing | 0.0% | 0.00 | 0.1% | 0.00 | |||||||
| Socio-economic variables | |||||||||||
| Highest education level | |||||||||||
| Less than secondary school | 29.4% | 0.01 | 31.7% | 0.01 | 7.5% | 0.02 | 26.9% | 0.01 | 15.9% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Grade 8–12 (or equivalent) | 51.2% | 0.01 | 48.5% | 0.01 | 56.8% | 0.04 | 56.2% | 0.01 | 66.4% | 0.02 | |
| Higher Education | 4.6% | 0.00 | 4.0% | 0.00 | 24.7% | 0.04 | 3.0% | 0.00 | 10.8% | 0.02 | |
| Missing | 14.8% | 0.00 | 15.8% | 0.00 | 11.0% | 0.03 | 13.9% | 0.01 | 7.0% | 0.01 | |
| Income category | |||||||||||
| Income < R5000 | 29.7% | 0.01 | 33.0% | 0.01 | 9.6% | 0.02 | 21.0% | 0.01 | 28.2% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Income > R5000 & < R10000 | 19.1% | 0.00 | 19.9% | 0.01 | 5.5% | 0.02 | 19.8% | 0.01 | 9.4% | 0.02 | |
| Income > R10000 & R < 25000 | 22.5% | 0.00 | 20.7% | 0.01 | 19.9% | 0.03 | 30.2% | 0.01 | 16.9% | 0.02 | |
| Income > R25000 & < R50000 | 8.2% | 0.00 | 6.9% | 0.00 | 13.7% | 0.03 | 11.4% | 0.01 | 10.5% | 0.02 | |
| Income > R50000 | 7.2% | 0.00 | 6.0% | 0.00 | 38.4% | 0.04 | 7.3% | 0.01 | 12.9% | 0.02 | |
| Missing | 13.2% | 0.00 | 13.5% | 0.00 | 13.0% | 0.03 | 10.2% | 0.01 | 22.0% | 0.02 | |
| Wealth index quintile | |||||||||||
| Wealth Index Quintile 1 (Low) | 19.9% | 0.00 | 24.9% | 0.01 | 2.7% | 0.01 | 9.6% | 0.01 | 0.3% | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| Wealth Index Quintile 2 | 18.5% | 0.00 | 22.2% | 0.01 | 1.4% | 0.01 | 10.9% | 0.01 | 5.6% | 0.01 | |
| Wealth Index Quintile 3 | 18.7% | 0.00 | 19.0% | 0.01 | 4.8% | 0.02 | 21.1% | 0.01 | 8.6% | 0.01 | |
| Wealth Index Quintile 4 | 15.4% | 0.00 | 11.7% | 0.00 | 17.1% | 0.03 | 25.1% | 0.01 | 25.3% | 0.02 | |
| Wealth Index Quintile 5 (High) | 9.9% | 0.00 | 4.8% | 0.00 | 58.2% | 0.04 | 13.9% | 0.01 | 47.6% | 0.03 | |
| Missing | 17.6% | 0.00 | 17.5% | 0.01 | 15.8% | 0.03 | 19.4% | 0.01 | 12.6% | 0.02 | |
| Psychological distress | |||||||||||
| Low Psychological Distress Score (<20) | 71.0% | 0.01 | 68.3% | 0.01 | 88.4% | 0.03 | 77.7% | 0.01 | 74.5% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| High Psychological Distress Score (≥20) | 18.1% | 0.00 | 20.9% | 0.01 | 5.5% | 0.02 | 12.4% | 0.01 | 9.1% | 0.01 | |
| Missing | 10.9% | 0.00 | 10.7% | 0.00 | 6.2% | 0.02 | 9.9% | 0.01 | 16.4% | 0.02 | |
| Household hunger-related stress (food insecurity) | |||||||||||
| Food secure | 62.0% | 0.01 | 56.6% | 0.01 | 85.6% | 0.03 | 72.2% | 0.01 | 86.3% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Food insecure | 29.4% | 0.01 | 35.6% | 0.01 | 6.8% | 0.02 | 16.3% | 0.01 | 6.7% | 0.01 | |
| Missing | 8.6% | 0.00 | 7.9% | 0.00 | 7.5% | 0.02 | 11.6% | 0.01 | 7.0% | 0.01 | |
| Home alcohol-related stress | |||||||||||
| Low Home Alcohol Stress | 73.9% | 0.01 | 72.7% | 0.01 | 81.5% | 0.03 | 74.1% | 0.01 | 85.8% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| High Home Alcohol Stress | 19.0% | 0.00 | 20.8% | 0.01 | 11.0% | 0.03 | 16.0% | 0.01 | 9.7% | 0.02 | |
| Missing | 7.1% | 0.00 | 6.5% | 0.00 | 7.5% | 0.02 | 9.9% | 0.01 | 4.6% | 0.01 | |
| Household crowding | |||||||||||
| Low Crowding | 72.1% | 0.01 | 71.9% | 0.01 | 91.8% | 0.02 | 66.5% | 0.01 | 90.6% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| High Crowding | 21.4% | 0.00 | 21.9% | 0.01 | 3.4% | 0.02 | 25.2% | 0.01 | 4.6% | 0.01 | |
| Missing | 6.6% | 0.00 | 6.2% | 0.00 | 4.8% | 0.02 | 8.4% | 0.01 | 4.8% | 0.01 | |
| Neighbourhood Inaccessibility | |||||||||||
| Low Neighbourhood Inaccessibility | 72.4% | 0.01 | 71.2% | 0.01 | 72.6% | 0.04 | 72.5% | 0.01 | 89.2% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| High Neighbourhood Inaccessibility | 20.1% | 0.00 | 21.9% | 0.01 | 22.6% | 0.03 | 17.5% | 0.01 | 4.3% | 0.01 | |
| Missing | 7.5% | 0.00 | 6.9% | 0.00 | 4.8% | 0.02 | 10.0% | 0.01 | 6.5% | 0.01 | |
| Economic Stress | |||||||||||
| Low Economic Stress | 70.8% | 0.01 | 70.3% | 0.01 | 78.1% | 0.03 | 71.2% | 0.01 | 74.2% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| High Economic Stress | 19.0% | 0.00 | 20.5% | 0.01 | 13.0% | 0.03 | 15.1% | 0.01 | 16.9% | 0.02 | |
| Missing | 10.2% | 0.00 | 9.2% | 0.00 | 8.9% | 0.02 | 13.7% | 0.01 | 8.9% | 0.01 | |
| Interpersonal Conflict | |||||||||||
| Low Interpersonal Conflict | 72.6% | 0.01 | 70.3% | 0.01 | 82.9% | 0.03 | 79.6% | 0.01 | 71.5% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| High Interpersonal Conflict | 18.1% | 0.00 | 20.5% | 0.01 | 11.6% | 0.03 | 11.7% | 0.01 | 15.1% | 0.02 | |
| Missing | 9.4% | 0.00 | 9.2% | 0.00 | 5.5% | 0.02 | 8.7% | 0.01 | 13.4% | 0.02 | |
| Neighbourhood crime & alcohol related stress | |||||||||||
| Low Neighbourhood Crime & Alcohol | 71.5% | 0.01 | 70.2% | 0.01 | 83.6% | 0.03 | 73.7% | 0.01 | 76.9% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| High Neighbourhood Crime & Alcohol | 19.8% | 0.00 | 21.3% | 0.01 | 6.8% | 0.02 | 16.2% | 0.01 | 18.0% | 0.02 | |
| Missing | 8.7% | 0.00 | 8.5% | 0.00 | 9.6% | 0.02 | 10.1% | 0.01 | 5.1% | 0.01 | |
| Behavioural and risk factor variables | |||||||||||
| Family History of CVD | |||||||||||
| No Family History of CVD | 78.6% | 0.00 | 80.0% | 0.01 | 69.9% | 0.04 | 78.8% | 0.01 | 63.4% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Family History of CVD | 8.8% | 0.00 | 6.7% | 0.00 | 24.0% | 0.04 | 10.9% | 0.01 | 23.7% | 0.02 | |
| Missing | 12.6% | 0.00 | 13.3% | 0.00 | 6.2% | 0.02 | 10.2% | 0.01 | 12.9% | 0.02 | |
| Family History of HBP | |||||||||||
| No Family History of HBP | 52.9% | 0.01 | 56.1% | 0.01 | 51.4% | 0.04 | 45.2% | 0.01 | 42.5% | 0.03 | 0.00 |
| Family History of HBP | 32.9% | 0.01 | 29.1% | 0.01 | 41.1% | 0.04 | 42.4% | 0.01 | 44.6% | 0.03 | |
| Missing | 14.2% | 0.00 | 14.8% | 0.00 | 7.5% | 0.02 | 12.5% | 0.01 | 12.9% | 0.02 | |
| Family History of Stroke | |||||||||||
| No Family History of Stroke | 77.6% | 0.00 | 78.7% | 0.01 | 78.1% | 0.03 | 76.1% | 0.01 | 71.0% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Family History of Stroke | 10.0% | 0.00 | 8.4% | 0.00 | 14.4% | 0.03 | 13.2% | 0.01 | 16.7% | 0.02 | |
| Missing | 12.5% | 0.00 | 12.9% | 0.00 | 7.5% | 0.02 | 10.6% | 0.01 | 12.4% | 0.02 | |
| Diabetes | |||||||||||
| No Diabetes | 54.7% | 0.01 | 51.7% | 0.01 | 62.3% | 0.04 | 67.1% | 0.01 | 40.9% | 0.03 | 0.00 |
| Diabetes | 7.0% | 0.00 | 5.5% | 0.00 | 8.2% | 0.02 | 9.2% | 0.01 | 19.4% | 0.02 | |
| Missing | 38.3% | 0.01 | 42.8% | 0.01 | 29.5% | 0.04 | 23.7% | 0.01 | 39.8% | 0.03 | |
| Body mass index (BMI) | |||||||||||
| Underweight BMI <18.5 kg/m2 | 8.0% | 0.00 | 7.6% | 0.00 | 2.1% | 0.01 | 9.6% | 0.01 | 9.1% | 0.01 | 0.00 |
| Normal weight BMI:18.5–24.9 kg/m2 | 39.1% | 0.01 | 40.0% | 0.01 | 28.1% | 0.04 | 39.1% | 0.01 | 31.5% | 0.02 | |
| Overweight BMI:25–29.9 kg/m2 | 21.1% | 0.00 | 20.4% | 0.01 | 28.8% | 0.04 | 21.0% | 0.01 | 28.8% | 0.02 | |
| Obese BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | 26.9% | 0.01 | 27.2% | 0.01 | 34.2% | 0.04 | 26.0% | 0.01 | 23.9% | 0.02 | |
| Missing | 4.9% | 0.00 | 4.9% | 0.00 | 6.8% | 0.02 | 4.3% | 0.01 | 6.7% | 0.01 | |
| Smoking status | |||||||||||
| Never Smoked | 66.6% | 0.01 | 73.0% | 0.01 | 58.2% | 0.04 | 45.8% | 0.01 | 68.8% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Former Smoker | 10.6% | 0.00 | 9.4% | 0.00 | 15.8% | 0.03 | 15.5% | 0.01 | 5.6% | 0.01 | |
| Current Smoker | 13.6% | 0.00 | 8.8% | 0.00 | 20.5% | 0.03 | 29.3% | 0.01 | 12.1% | 0.02 | |
| Missing | 9.3% | 0.00 | 8.8% | 0.00 | 5.5% | 0.02 | 9.4% | 0.01 | 13.4% | 0.02 | |
| Physically active lifestyle | |||||||||||
| Active | 33.1% | 0.01 | 34.0% | 0.01 | 34.2% | 0.04 | 32.9% | 0.01 | 23.1% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Inactive | 53.4% | 0.01 | 52.5% | 0.01 | 58.2% | 0.04 | 54.5% | 0.01 | 59.4% | 0.03 | |
| Missing | 13.5% | 0.00 | 13.5% | 0.00 | 7.5% | 0.02 | 12.5% | 0.01 | 17.5% | 0.02 | |
| Fruit/Veg consumption | |||||||||||
| High Fruit/Veg Intake | 61.8% | 0.01 | 59.7% | 0.01 | 80.8% | 0.03 | 65.2% | 0.01 | 72.8% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Low Fruit Veg Intake | 27.1% | 0.01 | 29.6% | 0.01 | 11.0% | 0.03 | 24.0% | 0.01 | 12.6% | 0.02 | |
| Missing | 11.1% | 0.00 | 10.7% | 0.00 | 8.2% | 0.02 | 10.9% | 0.01 | 14.5% | 0.02 | |
| Individual Alcohol Use | |||||||||||
| Low Alcohol Use | 78.6% | 0.00 | 80.1% | 0.01 | 79.5% | 0.03 | 73.0% | 0.01 | 84.4% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| High Alcohol Use | 11.7% | 0.00 | 10.4% | 0.00 | 15.1% | 0.03 | 18.1% | 0.01 | 1.9% | 0.01 | |
| Missing | 9.7% | 0.00 | 9.6% | 0.00 | 5.5% | 0.02 | 8.8% | 0.01 | 13.7% | 0.02 | |
| Hypertension and blood pressure variables | |||||||||||
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 130.98 | 0.28 | 130.19 | 0.33 | 130.74 | 1.90 | 133.35 | 0.59 | 130.95 | 1.21 | 0.00 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 75.41 | 0.16 | 74.95 | 0.19 | 75.03 | 1.10 | 76.78 | 0.33 | 75.63 | 0.62 | 0.00 |
| Hypertension | |||||||||||
| No Hypertension | 64.6% | 0.01 | 67.0% | 0.01 | 59.6% | 0.04 | 59.4% | 0.01 | 55.1% | 0.03 | 0.00 |
| Hypertension | 35.3% | 0.01 | 32.9% | 0.01 | 40.4% | 0.04 | 40.5% | 0.01 | 44.9% | 0.03 | |
| Missing | 0.1% | 0.00 | 0.1% | 0.00 | 0.1% | 0.00 | |||||
CVD: cardiovascular disease, HBP: high blood pressure, BMI: body mass index.