Table 2b.
Description of the African sub-sample by geographic locality subtype.
| Overall |
Urban Formal |
Urban Informal |
Rural Informal (tribal) |
Rural Formal (farms) |
P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = |
5315 |
N = |
1933 |
N = |
819 |
N = |
1871 |
N = |
692 |
||
| Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | Mean | SE | ||
| Demographic variables | |||||||||||
| Age group (years) | |||||||||||
| Age <25 | 29.3% | 0.01 | 28.9% | 0.01 | 31.7% | 0.02 | 28.7% | 0.01 | 29.0% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Age >25 & < 35 | 17.1% | 0.01 | 16.2% | 0.01 | 24.5% | 0.02 | 14.1% | 0.01 | 18.9% | 0.01 | |
| Age >35 & < 45 | 14.7% | 0.00 | 14.5% | 0.01 | 18.6% | 0.01 | 12.9% | 0.01 | 15.8% | 0.01 | |
| Age >45 & < 55 | 14.5% | 0.00 | 16.5% | 0.01 | 13.1% | 0.01 | 12.7% | 0.01 | 15.9% | 0.01 | |
| Age >55 & < 65 | 12.3% | 0.00 | 12.7% | 0.01 | 7.4% | 0.01 | 14.6% | 0.01 | 10.8% | 0.01 | |
| Age >65 | 12.0% | 0.00 | 11.2% | 0.01 | 4.6% | 0.01 | 17.0% | 0.01 | 9.5% | 0.01 | |
| Missing | |||||||||||
| Gender | |||||||||||
| Female | 65.2% | 0.01 | 64.6% | 0.01 | 67.3% | 0.02 | 66.6% | 0.01 | 61.1% | 0.02 | 0.04 |
| Male | 34.8% | 0.01 | 35.4% | 0.01 | 32.7% | 0.02 | 33.4% | 0.01 | 38.9% | 0.02 | |
| Missing | |||||||||||
| Socio-economic variables | |||||||||||
| Highest education level | |||||||||||
| Less than secondary school | 31.7% | 0.01 | 23.3% | 0.01 | 31.1% | 0.02 | 35.5% | 0.01 | 45.5% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Grade 8–12 (or equivalent) | 48.5% | 0.01 | 55.0% | 0.01 | 51.6% | 0.02 | 45.1% | 0.01 | 35.7% | 0.02 | |
| Higher Education | 4.0% | 0.00 | 6.5% | 0.01 | 1.3% | 0.00 | 4.0% | 0.00 | 0.4% | 0.00 | |
| Missing | 15.8% | 0.00 | 15.2% | 0.01 | 15.9% | 0.01 | 15.4% | 0.01 | 18.4% | 0.01 | |
| Income category | |||||||||||
| Income < R5000 | 33.0% | 0.01 | 29.5% | 0.01 | 34.3% | 0.02 | 37.1% | 0.01 | 30.2% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Income > R5000 & < R10000 | 19.9% | 0.01 | 16.0% | 0.01 | 20.3% | 0.01 | 22.4% | 0.01 | 23.6% | 0.02 | |
| Income > R10000 & < R25000 | 20.7% | 0.01 | 23.1% | 0.01 | 19.8% | 0.01 | 17.4% | 0.01 | 23.7% | 0.02 | |
| Income > R25000 & < R50000 | 6.9% | 0.00 | 9.1% | 0.01 | 8.1% | 0.01 | 5.3% | 0.01 | 3.3% | 0.01 | |
| Income >50000 | 6.0% | 0.00 | 9.9% | 0.01 | 1.7% | 0.00 | 5.5% | 0.01 | 1.4% | 0.00 | |
| Missing | 13.5% | 0.00 | 12.3% | 0.01 | 15.9% | 0.01 | 12.2% | 0.01 | 17.8% | 0.01 | |
| Wealth index quintile | |||||||||||
| Wealth Index Quintile 1 (Low) | 24.9% | 0.01 | 6.3% | 0.01 | 36.5% | 0.02 | 29.8% | 0.01 | 49.7% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Wealth Index Quintile 2 | 22.2% | 0.01 | 15.4% | 0.01 | 21.2% | 0.01 | 31.3% | 0.01 | 17.6% | 0.01 | |
| Wealth Index Quintile 3 | 19.0% | 0.01 | 26.6% | 0.01 | 16.0% | 0.01 | 15.2% | 0.01 | 11.8% | 0.01 | |
| Wealth Index Quintile 4 | 11.7% | 0.00 | 23.0% | 0.01 | 6.3% | 0.01 | 5.6% | 0.01 | 3.0% | 0.01 | |
| Wealth Index Quintile 5 (High) | 4.8% | 0.00 | 11.8% | 0.01 | 0.9% | 0.00 | 0.8% | 0.00 | 0.4% | 0.00 | |
| Missing | 17.5% | 0.01 | 17.0% | 0.01 | 19.0% | 0.01 | 17.4% | 0.01 | 17.3% | 0.01 | |
| Psychological distress | |||||||||||
| Low Psychological Distress Score | 68.3% | 0.01 | 67.1% | 0.01 | 70.2% | 0.02 | 69.0% | 0.01 | 67.8% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| High Psychological Distress Score | 20.9% | 0.01 | 23.7% | 0.01 | 21.4% | 0.01 | 19.6% | 0.01 | 16.3% | 0.01 | |
| Missing | 10.7% | 0.00 | 9.2% | 0.01 | 8.4% | 0.01 | 11.4% | 0.01 | 15.9% | 0.01 | |
| Social Stressor variables | |||||||||||
| Household hunger-related stress (food insecurity) | |||||||||||
| Food secure | 56.6% | 0.01 | 63.5% | 0.01 | 57.0% | 0.02 | 52.1% | 0.01 | 48.6% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Food insecure | 35.6% | 0.01 | 28.8% | 0.01 | 33.7% | 0.02 | 39.4% | 0.01 | 46.4% | 0.02 | |
| Missing | 7.9% | 0.00 | 7.7% | 0.01 | 9.3% | 0.01 | 8.5% | 0.01 | 5.1% | 0.01 | |
| Home alcohol-related stress | |||||||||||
| Low Home Alcohol Stress | 72.7% | 0.01 | 72.5% | 0.01 | 68.5% | 0.02 | 76.1% | 0.01 | 69.4% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| High Home Alcohol Stress | 20.8% | 0.01 | 21.2% | 0.01 | 23.3% | 0.01 | 17.5% | 0.01 | 25.9% | 0.02 | |
| Missing | 6.5% | 0.00 | 6.4% | 0.01 | 8.2% | 0.01 | 6.4% | 0.01 | 4.8% | 0.01 | |
| Household crowding | |||||||||||
| Low Crowding | 71.9% | 0.01 | 73.0% | 0.01 | 65.3% | 0.02 | 78.7% | 0.01 | 58.5% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| High Crowding | 21.9% | 0.01 | 21.5% | 0.01 | 27.1% | 0.02 | 15.2% | 0.01 | 34.7% | 0.02 | |
| Missing | 6.2% | 0.00 | 5.4% | 0.01 | 7.6% | 0.01 | 6.1% | 0.01 | 6.8% | 0.01 | |
| Neighbourhood Inaccessibility | |||||||||||
| Low Neighbourhood Inaccessibility | 71.2% | 0.01 | 84.0% | 0.01 | 77.4% | 0.01 | 68.4% | 0.01 | 35.5% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| High Neighbourhood Inaccessibility | 21.9% | 0.01 | 8.4% | 0.01 | 14.5% | 0.01 | 25.2% | 0.01 | 59.7% | 0.02 | |
| Missing | 6.9% | 0.00 | 7.6% | 0.01 | 8.1% | 0.01 | 6.4% | 0.01 | 4.8% | 0.01 | |
| Economic stress | |||||||||||
| Low Economic Stress | 70.3% | 0.01 | 73.7% | 0.01 | 66.9% | 0.02 | 67.7% | 0.01 | 72.0% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| High Economic Stress | 20.5% | 0.01 | 16.7% | 0.01 | 23.6% | 0.01 | 23.0% | 0.01 | 20.8% | 0.02 | |
| Missing | 9.2% | 0.00 | 9.6% | 0.01 | 9.5% | 0.01 | 9.4% | 0.01 | 7.2% | 0.01 | |
| Interpersonal Conflict | |||||||||||
| Low Interpersonal Conflict | 70.3% | 0.01 | 70.3% | 0.01 | 74.0% | 0.02 | 68.8% | 0.01 | 70.4% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| High Interpersonal Conflict | 20.5% | 0.01 | 22.0% | 0.01 | 19.2% | 0.01 | 21.5% | 0.01 | 15.0% | 0.01 | |
| Missing | 9.2% | 0.00 | 7.7% | 0.01 | 6.8% | 0.01 | 9.7% | 0.01 | 14.6% | 0.01 | |
| Neighbourhood crime & alcohol-related stress | |||||||||||
| Low Neighbourhood Crime & Alcohol | 70.2% | 0.01 | 64.9% | 0.01 | 57.6% | 0.02 | 74.8% | 0.01 | 87.3% | 0.01 | 0.00 |
| High Neighbourhood Crime & Alcohol | 21.3% | 0.01 | 26.5% | 0.01 | 33.6% | 0.02 | 16.0% | 0.01 | 6.5% | 0.01 | |
| Missing | 8.5% | 0.00 | 8.6% | 0.01 | 8.8% | 0.01 | 9.2% | 0.01 | 6.2% | 0.01 | |
| Behavioural and health risk factor variables | |||||||||||
| Family history of CVD | |||||||||||
| No Family History of CVD | 80.0% | 0.01 | 80.9% | 0.01 | 83.0% | 0.01 | 80.5% | 0.01 | 72.8% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Family History of CVD | 6.7% | 0.00 | 7.9% | 0.01 | 7.3% | 0.01 | 6.0% | 0.01 | 4.2% | 0.01 | |
| Missing | 13.3% | 0.00 | 11.2% | 0.01 | 9.6% | 0.01 | 13.5% | 0.01 | 23.0% | 0.02 | |
| Family History of HBP | |||||||||||
| No Family History of HBP | 56.1% | 0.01 | 51.4% | 0.01 | 56.9% | 0.02 | 60.4% | 0.01 | 56.8% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Family History of HBP | 29.1% | 0.01 | 35.3% | 0.01 | 31.9% | 0.02 | 25.0% | 0.01 | 19.5% | 0.02 | |
| Missing | 14.8% | 0.00 | 13.3% | 0.01 | 11.2% | 0.01 | 14.6% | 0.01 | 23.7% | 0.02 | |
| Family History of Stroke | |||||||||||
| No Family History of Stroke | 78.7% | 0.01 | 78.5% | 0.01 | 84.9% | 0.01 | 78.6% | 0.01 | 72.0% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Family History of Stroke | 8.4% | 0.00 | 10.8% | 0.01 | 5.7% | 0.01 | 8.2% | 0.01 | 5.5% | 0.01 | |
| Missing | 12.9% | 0.00 | 10.7% | 0.01 | 9.4% | 0.01 | 13.2% | 0.01 | 22.5% | 0.02 | |
| Diabetes | |||||||||||
| No Diabetes | 51.7% | 0.01 | 53.0% | 0.01 | 58.1% | 0.02 | 43.3% | 0.01 | 63.3% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Diabetes present | 5.5% | 0.00 | 7.1% | 0.01 | 4.5% | 0.01 | 5.1% | 0.01 | 3.3% | 0.01 | |
| Missing | 42.8% | 0.01 | 39.9% | 0.01 | 37.4% | 0.02 | 51.6% | 0.01 | 33.4% | 0.02 | |
| Body mass index (BMI) | |||||||||||
| Underweight BMI <18.5 kg/m2 | 7.6% | 0.00 | 6.1% | 0.01 | 8.4% | 0.01 | 8.1% | 0.01 | 9.5% | 0.01 | 0.00 |
| Normal weight BMI: 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 | 40.0% | 0.01 | 37.9% | 0.01 | 39.9% | 0.02 | 39.9% | 0.01 | 46.4% | 0.02 | |
| Overweight BMI: 25–29.9 kg/m2 | 20.4% | 0.01 | 19.6% | 0.01 | 22.3% | 0.01 | 20.8% | 0.01 | 18.9% | 0.01 | |
| Obese BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | 27.2% | 0.01 | 30.6% | 0.01 | 25.4% | 0.02 | 27.2% | 0.01 | 19.7% | 0.02 | |
| Missing | 4.9% | 0.00 | 5.8% | 0.01 | 3.9% | 0.01 | 4.1% | 0.00 | 5.5% | 0.01 | |
| Smoking status | |||||||||||
| Never Smoked | 73.0% | 0.01 | 72.6% | 0.01 | 72.9% | 0.02 | 75.5% | 0.01 | 67.6% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Former Smoker | 9.4% | 0.00 | 9.4% | 0.01 | 10.7% | 0.01 | 9.4% | 0.01 | 7.5% | 0.01 | |
| Current Smoker | 8.8% | 0.00 | 10.6% | 0.01 | 9.3% | 0.01 | 6.5% | 0.01 | 9.5% | 0.01 | |
| Missing | 8.8% | 0.00 | 7.4% | 0.01 | 7.1% | 0.01 | 8.7% | 0.01 | 15.3% | 0.01 | |
| Physically active lifestyle | |||||||||||
| Active | 34.0% | 0.01 | 33.8% | 0.01 | 31.0% | 0.02 | 37.0% | 0.01 | 29.5% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Inactive | 52.5% | 0.01 | 53.8% | 0.01 | 56.8% | 0.02 | 49.3% | 0.01 | 52.9% | 0.02 | |
| Missing | 13.5% | 0.00 | 12.4% | 0.01 | 12.2% | 0.01 | 13.7% | 0.01 | 17.6% | 0.01 | |
| Fruit/veg consumption | |||||||||||
| High Fruit/Veg Intake | 59.7% | 0.01 | 67.1% | 0.01 | 59.8% | 0.02 | 56.6% | 0.01 | 46.8% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Low Fruit Veg Intake | 29.6% | 0.01 | 22.8% | 0.01 | 32.1% | 0.02 | 33.0% | 0.01 | 36.4% | 0.02 | |
| Missing Fruit Veg Intake | 10.7% | 0.00 | 10.0% | 0.01 | 8.1% | 0.01 | 10.4% | 0.01 | 16.8% | 0.01 | |
| Individual alcohol use | |||||||||||
| Low Alcohol Use | 80.1% | 0.01 | 79.3% | 0.01 | 82.9% | 0.01 | 82.2% | 0.01 | 73.1% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| High Alcohol Use | 10.4% | 0.00 | 12.6% | 0.01 | 9.9% | 0.01 | 8.1% | 0.01 | 11.0% | 0.01 | |
| Missing | 9.6% | 0.00 | 8.1% | 0.01 | 7.2% | 0.01 | 9.7% | 0.01 | 15.9% | 0.01 | |
| Hypertension and blood pressure variables | |||||||||||
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 130.19 | 0.33 | 131.66 | 0.55 | 126.00 | 0.79 | 130.41 | 0.54 | 130.32 | 1.02 | 0.00 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 74.95 | 0.19 | 75.99 | 0.32 | 73.61 | 0.48 | 74.09 | 0.31 | 76.27 | 0.62 | 0.00 |
| Hypertension | |||||||||||
| No Hypertension | 67.0% | 0.01 | 63.7% | 0.01 | 75.1% | 0.02 | 66.1% | 0.01 | 69.1% | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| Hypertension | 32.9% | 0.01 | 36.3% | 0.01 | 24.8% | 0.02 | 33.8% | 0.01 | 30.9% | 0.02 | |
| Missing | 0.1% | 0.00 | 0.1% | 0.00 | 0.1% | 0.00 | 0.1% | 0.00 | |||
CVD: cardiovascular disease, HBP: high blood pressure, BMI: body mass index.