Table 1.
Demographics
| Entire Cohort | Matched Cohort | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||||
| Variable | No Opioids (N=4565) | Opioids (N=6383) | Total (n=13143) | p-value | No Opioids (N=2222) | Opioids (N=2222) | Standardized Difference | |
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age, years | Mean (sd) | 57.7 (16.2) | 54.3 (15.7) | <0.001 | 56.5 (16.3) | 56.3 (15.7) | −0.01 | |
| Insurance | None | 102 (2.2%) | 157 (2.5%) | 305 | 0.01 | 50 (2.3%) | 43 (1.9%) | 0 |
| Private | 2578 (56.5%) | 3772 (59.1%) | 7724 | 1305 (58.6%) | 1316 (59.2%) | |||
| Public | 1854 (40.6%) | 2422 (37.9%) | 5045 | 871 (39.2%) | 863 (38.8%) | |||
| Charlson comorbidity index | 0 | 3106 (68.0%) | 4562 (71.5%) | 9318 | <0.001 | 1519 (68.4%) | 1537 (69.2%) | 0.06 |
| 1 | 751 (16.5%) | 1017 (15.9%) | 2092 | 389 (17.5%) | 362 (16.3%) | |||
| ≥2 | 707 (15.5%) | 801 (12.6%) | 1729 | 314 (14.1%) | 323 (14.5%) | |||
| unknown | 1 (0.0%) | 3 (0.1%) | 4 | |||||
| BMI | <25 | 941 (20.6%) | 1238 (19.4%) | 2558 | 0.004 | 476 (21.4%) | 490 (22.1%) | 0.03 |
| 25-30 | 1321 (28.9%) | 1932 (30.3%) | 3850 | 680 (30.6%) | 671 (30.2%) | |||
| 30-35 | 977 (21.4%) | 1448 (22.7%) | 2832 | 527 (23.7%) | 528 (23.8%) | |||
| >35 | 977 (21.4%) | 1541 (24.1%) | 2930 | 539 (24.3%) | 533 (24.0%) | |||
| unknown | 349 (7.7%) | 224 (3.5%) | 973 | |||||
| Sex | Male | 2092 (45.8%) | 3236 (50.7%) | 6437 | <0.001 | 1064 (47.9%) | 1070 (48.2%) | 0.01 |
| Female | 2473 (54.2%) | 3147 (49.3%) | 6706 | 1158 (52.1%) | 1152 (51.9%) | |||
| Chronic pain | no | 4486 (98.3%) | 6187 (96.9%) | 12830 | <0.001 | 2184 (98.3%) | 2188 (98.5%) | −0.01 |
| yes | 67 (1.5%) | 161 (2.5%) | 251 | 38 (1.7%) | 34 (1.5%) | |||
| unknown | 12 (0.3%) | 35 (0.6%) | 62 | |||||
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||||
| Prior ureteral stent | no | 2558 (56.0%) | 4125 (64.6%) | 7874 | <0.001 | 1308 (58.9%) | 1288 (58.0%) | 0.02 |
| yes | 1995 (43.7%) | 2251 (35.3%) | 5229 | 914 (41.1%) | 934 (42.0%) | |||
| unknown | 12 (0.3%) | 7 (0.1%) | 40 | |||||
| Urine culture | Positive | 600 (13.1%) | 814 (12.8%) | 1606 | <0.001 | 273 (12.3%) | 284 (12.8%) | 0.04 |
| Negative | 3077 (67.4%) | 4606 (72.2%) | 8997 | 1596 (71.8%) | 1593 (71.7%) | |||
| Not performed | 888 (19.5%) | 963 (15.1%) | 2540 | 353 (15.9%) | 345 (15.5%) | |||
| Surgical acuity | Elective | 3712 (81.3%) | 5157 (80.8%) | 10775 | 0.04 | 1836 (82.6%) | 1827 (82.2%) | −0.01 |
| Urgent/Emergent | 696 (15.3%) | 1077 (16.9%) | 1982 | 386 (17.4%) | 395 (17.8%) | |||
| unknown | 157 (3.4%) | 149 (2.3%) | 386 | |||||
| Stone location | Renal and ureteral | 769 (16.9%) | 1049 (16.4%) | 2111 | 0.008 | 389 (17.5%) | 372 (16.7%) | 0.06 |
| Renal | 980 (21.5%) | 1536 (24.1%) | 2981 | 506 (22.8%) | 469 (21.1%) | |||
| Ureter | 2637 (57.8%) | 3568 (55.9%) | 7530 | 1327 (59.7%) | 1381 (62.2%) | |||
| unknown | 179 (3.9%) | 230 (3.6%) | 521 | |||||
| Maximum Stone Diameter, mm | mean (std) | 7.4 (3.9) | 7.4 (3.7) | 0.9 | ||||
| Stone size | ≤0.5 cm | 1506 (33.0%) | 2101 (32.9%) | 4282 | 0.9 | 728 (32.8%) | 746 (33.6%) | 0.03 |
| >0.5-1cm | 2212 (48.5%) | 3103 (48.6%) | 6367 | 1134 (51.0%) | 1133 (51.0%) | |||
| >1cm | 671 (14.7%) | 965 (15.1%) | 1959 | 360 (16.2%) | 343 (15.4%) | |||
| unknown | 176 (3.9%) | 214 (3.4%) | 535 | |||||
| Surgical characteristics | ||||||||
| Stent during surgery | no | 1431 (31.4%) | 1430 (22.4%) | 3514 | <0.001 | 593 (26.%) | 593 (26.7%) | 0 |
| yes | 3131 (68.6%) | 4945 (77.5%) | 9606 | 1629 (73.3%) | 1629 (73.3%) | |||
| unknown | 3 (0.1%) | 8 (0.1%) | 23 | |||||
| Ureteral access sheath | no | 2995 (65.6%) | 3685 (57.7%) | 8137 | <0.001 | 1392 (62.7%) | 1430 (64.4%) | −0.04 |
| yes | 1521 (33.3%) | 2611 (40.9%) | 4812 | 830 (37.4%) | 792 (35.6%) | |||
| unknown | 49 (1.1%) | 87 (1.4%) | 294 | |||||
| Intra-operative complications | no | 4503 (98.6%) | 6287 (98.5%) | 12949 | 0.6 | 2191 (98.6%) | 2190 (98.6%) | 0 |
| yes | 56 (1.2%) | 90 (1.4%) | 168 | 31 (1.4%) | 32 (1.4%) | |||
| unknown | 6 (0.1%) | 6 (0.1%) | 26 | |||||
| Outcomes | p-value | |||||||
| Unplanned ED visit within 30 days | no | 4231 (92.7%) | 5736 (89.9%) | 12032 | <0.001 | 2047 (92.1%) | 2001 (90.1%) | 0.015 |
| yes | 297 (6.5%) | 605 (9.5%) | 991 | 175 (7.9%) | 221 (10.0%) | |||
| unknown | 37 (0.8%) | 42 (0.7%) | 120 | |||||
| 0.103 | ||||||||
| Readmission | no | 4391 (96.2% | 6100 (95.6%) | 12613 | 0.003 | 2137 (96.6%) | 2119 (95.7%) | |
| yes | 131 (2.9%) | 253 (4.0%) | 419 | 75 (3.4%) | 96 (4.3%) | |||
| missing | 43 (0.9%) | 30 (0.5%) | 111 | |||||