Table 1.
Demographic characteristics among ASI-MV assessments reporting illicitly manufactured fentanyl use, heroin use, or prescription opioid misuse as the primary lifetime substance use problem in 2019 (N = 8379).
| Unit of analysis: adult treatment assessment | Illicitly Manufactured Fentanyl N = 685 | Heroin N = 5559 | Prescription Opioid Misusea N = 2135 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Sex | < 0.0001 | |||
| Male | 459 (67.0%) | 3517 (63.3%) | 1049 (49.1%) | |
| Female | 226 (33.0%) | 2042 (36.7%) | 1086 (50.9%) | |
| Age (years) | < 0.0001 | |||
| 18–24 | 83 (12.1%) | 597 (10.7%) | 142 (6.7%) | |
| 25–34 | 308 (45.0%) | 2876 (51.7%) | 958 (44.9%) | |
| 35–44 | 182 (26.6%) | 1352 (24.3%) | 654 (30.6%) | |
| 45–54 | 73 (10.7%) | 481 (8.7%) | 262 (12.3%) | |
| ≥ 55 | 39 (5.7%) | 253 (4.6%) | 119 (5.6%) | |
| Race/ethnicity | < 0.0001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 503 (73.4%) | 4219 (75.9%) | 1793 (84.0%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 109 (15.9%) | 458 (8.2%) | 127 (6.0%) | |
| Non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native | 7 (1.0%) | 88 (1.6%) | 44 (2.1%) | |
| Non-Hispanic Other | 20 (2.9%) | 218 (3.9%) | 74 (3.5%) | |
| Hispanic | 46 (6.7%) | 576 (10.4%) | 97 (4.5%) | |
| Education Level | 0.07 | |||
| Less than high school | 31 (4.5%) | 195 (3.5%) | 74 (3.5%) | |
| High school | 453 (66.1%) | 3751 (67.5%) | 1372 (64.3%) | |
| Some college | 160 (23.4%) | 1337 (24.1%) | 575 (26.9%) | |
| 4 years of college or more | 41 (6.0%) | 276 (5.0%) | 114 (5.3%) | |
| Employment Status (past 3 years) | < 0.0001 | |||
| Full-time | 270 (39.4%) | 2185 (39.3%) | 848 (39.7%) | |
| Part-time | 155 (22.6%) | 1206 (21.7%) | 502 (23.5%) | |
| Otherb | 98 (14.3%) | 854 (15.4%) | 471 (22.1%) | |
| Unemployed | 162 (23.7%) | 1314 (23.6%) | 314 (14.7%) | |
| Urban-Rural Status (ASI-MV site) | < 0.0001 | |||
| Metropolitan | 550 (80.3%) | 4115 (74.0%) | 1364 (63.9%) | |
| Micropolitan | 64 (9.3%) | 601 (10.8%) | 373 (17.5%) | |
| Rural | 71 (10.4%) | 843 (15.2%) | 398 (18.6%) | |
| United States Census Region (ASI-MV site) | < 0.0001 | |||
| Northeast | 230 (33.6%) | 874 (15.7%) | 44 (2.1%) | |
| Midwest | 106 (15.5%) | 921 (16.6%) | 467 (21.9%) | |
| South | 334 (48.8%) | 3140 (56.5%) | 1463 (68.52%) | |
| West | 15 (2.2%) | 624 (11.2%) | 161 (7.5%) | |
| Moderate to Extreme Severity Problems by Biopsychosocial Domain | ||||
| Medical | 176 (25.7%) | 1329 (23.9%) | 805 (37.7%) | < 0.0001 |
| Employment | 203 (29.6%) | 1470 (26.4%) | 504 (23.6%) | 0.003 |
| Legal | 125 (18.3%) | 1129 (20.3%) | 393 (18.4%) | 0.11 |
| Family | 130 (19.0%) | 1017 (18.3%) | 504 (23.6%) | < 0.0001 |
| Psychiatric | 204 (29.8%) | 1626 (29.3%) | 858 (40.2%) | < 0.0001 |
| Alcohol | 126 (18.4%) | 679 (12.2%) | 245 (11.5%) | < 0.0001 |
| Drug | 626 (91.4%) | 4684 (84.3%) | 1800 (84.3%) | < 0.0001 |
| Route of Use for Primary Substance | NA | |||
| Swallowed | 37 (5.4%) | 188 (3.4%) | 1468 (68.8%) | |
| Snorted/Sniffed | 335 (48.9%) | 2446 (44.0%) | 1092 (51.1%) | |
| Smoked | 90 (13.1%) | 1151 (20.7%) | 164 (7.7%) | |
| Injected | 376 (54.9%) | 4033 (72.5%) | 569 (26.7%) | |
| Insurance type | < 0.0001 | |||
| Medicare/Medicaidc | 336 (49.1%) | 2374 (42.7%) | 709 (33.2%) | |
| Medicare only | 27 (3.9%) | 65 (1.2%) | 7 (0.3%) | |
| Self-pay | 43 (6.3%) | 450 (8.1%) | 245 (11.5%) | |
| Uninsured/Exhausted benefits | 69 (10.1%) | 391 (7.0%) | 140 (6.6%) | |
| Commercial payer | 8 (1.2%) | 38 (0.7%) | 44 (2.1%) | |
| Otherd | 202 (29.5%) | 2241 (40.3%) | 990 (46.4%) | |
| Ever stopped using the major or primary substance for at least a month in their lifetime | 489 (71.4%) | 3817 (68.7%) | 1284 (60.1%) | < 0.0001 |
| Past 30 days in controlled environment | < 0.0001 | |||
| Inpatient controlled environmente | 235 (34.3%) | 1211 (21.8%) | 340 (15.9%) | |
| Not in an inpatient controlled environment (includes jail/prison) | 450 (65.7%) | 4348 (78.2%) | 1795 (84.1%) | |
| No income in the past 30 days (%) | 505 (73.7%) | 3813 (68.6%) | 1205 (56.4%) | < 0.0001 |
| Attended outpatient treatment or counseling for alcohol or drug problems, past 30 days (%) | 203 (29.6%) | 1513 (27.2%) | 595 (27.9%) | 0.39 |
| Mean days attending outpatient treatment or counselling for alcohol or drug problems, past 30 days (median) | 11.6 (7) | 13.0 (8) | 9.6 (5) | < 0.0001f |
| Attended self-help meetings in the past 30 days (%)g | 268 (39.1%) | 2028 (36.5%) | 715 (33.5%) | 0.01 |
| Mean days attending self-help meetings in the past 30 days (median) | 13.8 (10) | 12.3 (10) | 9.6 (7) | < 0.0001 |
| Received treatment as part of an official medications for substance use disorders program in the past 30 days (%) | 226 (33.0%) | 1763 (31.7%) | 863 (40.4%) | < 0.0001 |
| Mean days receiving treatment as part of an official medications for substance use disorders program in the past 30 days (median) | 18.0 (20) | 20.5 (30) | 19.4 (29) | 0.003f |
Prescription Opioid Misuse is a combination of misuse of methadone or buprenorphine and other opioids or pain medications like OxyContin, Oxycodone, Vicodin, or Percocet.
Other: Student or Homemaker, Military service, retired or disabled, in a prison or a hospital
“Medicare/Medicaid” option is a mix of those who had dual eligibility as well as those who had Medicaid only.
Other: includes New Mexico Behavioral Health Services Division (BHSD), access to recovery, methamphetamine initiative, New Mexico Children’s Code (NMCC), New Mexico Probation and Pre-trial (NMPP), Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Substance Abuse Services (TANF SA Services), Income Support Division/New Mexico Works (ISD/NM Works), New Mexico Total Community Approach (TCA), and unassigned.
Inpatient controlled environment: Inpatient alcohol or drug treatment, inpatient medical treatment, or inpatient psychiatric treatment
P-value is for the difference of the mean.
self-help meetings include Alcoholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous or Cocaine Anonymous, etc.