Table 2.
Multivariable logistic regression model examining predictors of reporting illicitly manufactured fentanyl use as the primary substance use problem versus reporting any other primary substance use problem in the lifetime (N = 29,758).
| Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Sex | ||
| Female | 0.82 (0.70, 0.97) | 0.85 (0.71, 1.01) |
| Male | Reference | Reference |
| Age (years) | ||
| 18–24 | 1.19 (0.86, 1.65) | 1.68 (1.18, 2.38) |
| 25–34 | 1.42 (1.09, 1.85) | 1.36 (1.02, 1.81) |
| 35–44 | 1.24 (0.93, 1.64) | 1.22 (0.91, 1.65) |
| ≥ 55 | 0.72 (0.45, 1.14) | 0.78 (0.48, 1.25) |
| 45–54 | Reference | Reference |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.10 (0.88, 1.37) | 1.44 (1.11, 1.85) |
| Non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native | 0.25 (0.12, 0.53) | 0.58 (0.27, 1.24) |
| Non-Hispanic other | 0.62 (0.40, 0.97) | 0.75 (0.47, 1.19) |
| Hispanic | 0.68 (0.50, 0.92) | 0.98 (0.71, 1.36) |
| Non-Hispanic White | Reference | Reference |
| Education Level | ||
| Less than high school | 1.24 (0.86, 1.79) | 1.22 (0.83, 1.79) |
| Some college | 0.98 (0.82, 1.18) | 1.10 (0.90, 1.33) |
| 4 years of college or more | 0.84 (0.60, 1.18) | 1.14 (0.80, 1.64) |
| High school | Reference | Reference |
| United States Census Region (ASI-MV site) | ||
| Northeast | 53.93 (31.34, 92.80) | 15.46 (8.67, 27.56) |
| Midwest | 5.75 (3.29, 10.07) | 5.30 (2.95, 9.50) |
| South | 6.10 (3.57, 10.43) | 4.09 (2.36, 7.11) |
| West | Reference | Reference |
| Moderate to Extreme Domain Severity Rating | ||
| Medical | 1.05 (0.88, 1.26) | 1.13 (0.92, 1.38) |
| Employment | 1.41 (1.19, 1.66) | 1.10 (0.91, 1.33) |
| Alcohol | 0.66 (0.54, 0.81) | 0.52 (0.41, 0.64) |
| Drug | 7.27 (5.54, 9.55) | 3.79 (2.83, 5.06) |
| Legal | 0.74 (0.60, 0.90) | 0.82 (0.66, 1.01) |
| Family | 0.97 (0.79, 1.17) | 1.05 (0.83, 1.32) |
| Psychiatric | 0.81 (0.69, 0.96) | 0.75 (0.61, 0.91) |
| Route of Use for Any Substance in the Lifetime | ||
| Injection drug use with or without also reporting swallowed, snorted, or smoked | 2.64 (2.26, 3.10) | 1.10 (0.90, 1.33) |
| Swallowed, snorted, or smoked without reporting any injection drug use | Reference | Reference |
| Insurance type | ||
| Medicare only | 3.10 (2.05, 4.69) | 2.76 (1.70, 4.47) |
| Self-pay | 0.16 (0.12, 0.23) | 0.70 (0.49, 0.99) |
| Uninsured/Exhausted benefits | 0.92 (0.71, 1.20) | 1.42 (1.06, 1.90) |
| Commercial payer | 0.34 (0.16, 0.71) | 0.97 (0.44, 2.12) |
| Othera | 0.41 (0.34, 0.49) | 0.78 (0.63, 0.97) |
| Medicare/Medicaidb | Reference | Reference |
| Urban-Rural Status (ASI-MV site) | ||
| Metropolitan | 2.12 (1.63, 2.75) | 1.52 (1.14, 2.04) |
| Micropolitan | 0.69 (0.48, 0.99) | 0.85 (0.58, 1.24) |
| Rural | Reference | Reference |
| In inpatient controlled environment during the past 30 days c | ||
| Yes | 2.29 (1.95, 2.69) | 1.52 (1.25, 1.84) |
| No | Reference | Reference |
| Any income in the past 30 days | ||
| Yes | 0.49 (0.42, 0.59) | 0.86 (0.71, 1.05) |
| No | Reference | Reference |
| Received treatment as part of an official medications for substance use disorders program in the past 30 days (%) | ||
| Yes | 3.10 (2.63, 3.65) | 1.53 (1.27, 1.85) |
| No | Reference | Reference |
| Attended any outpatient treatment or counseling for alcohol or drug problems in the past 30 days | ||
| Yes | 1.39 (1.17, 1.64) | 1.19 (0.98, 1.46) |
| No | Reference | Reference |
| Attended self-help meeting in the past 30 days d | ||
| Yes | 1.12 (0.96, 1.31) | 0.84 (0.69, 1.01) |
| No | Reference | Reference |
| Lifetime overdoses on any drug | ||
| 1 lifetime overdose | 2.82 (2.24, 3.57) | 1.91 (1.49, 2.44) |
| 2 lifetime overdoses | 3.41 (2.63, 4.41) | 1.95 (1.48, 2.58) |
| 3 or more lifetime overdoses | 5.17 (4.31, 6.20) | 2.27 (1.82, 2.82) |
| None | Reference | Reference |
Includes New Mexico Behavioral Health Services Division (BHSD), access to recovery, methamphetamine initiative, New Mexico Children’s Code (NMCC), New Mexico Probation and Pre-trial (NMPP), Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Substance Abuse Services (TANF SA Services), Income Support Division/New Mexico Works (ISD/NM Works), New Mexico Total Community Approach (TCA), and unassigned.
“Medicare/Medicaid” option is a mix of those who had dual eligibility as well as those who had Medicaid only.
Inpatient controlled environment: Inpatient alcohol or drug treatment, inpatient medical treatment, or inpatient psychiatric treatment
Self-help meetings include Alcoholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous or Cocaine Anonymous and etc.