Table One.

Guidelines, models, or frameworks for goal setting, goal and objective formulation, and goal monitoring

Title (author)	population or field of origin	attends to motivation	attends to self-efficacy	attends to barriers/resources	goal setting guideline	objective setting guideline	role for social support	goal monitoring guideline
Change Plan (Miller et al., 1992)	addictions	yes	yes	yes	specific, behavioral target with timeline for completion	steps toward making the change	yes	---
DIALOG+ (Priebe, 2020)	major mental illness	yes	yes	yes	priorities selected among 11 life and treatment-related domains	brief; precise; expressed as behavior; responsible parties identified	yes	review of actions agreed upon; review should be brief; focus on progress made (i.e., not unmet goals)
Five As (Glasgow et al., 2006)*	general medicine	yes	yes	yes	Assess: behavior, beliefs, motivation Advice: based on health risks Agree: on a realistic goal	Assist: in anticipating barriers and developing a specific action plan	yes	Arrange: for follow-up support
Goal Attainment Scaling (Ottenbacher & Cusick, 1990)	rehabilitation	noa	noa	noa	observable; recordable; time-limited; up to three goals	measurable behaviors that indicate goal improvement	noa	determine mode and timing of review; select 5 levels of progress, ranging from −2 to +2, where 0 = no progress
Goal-based Outcomes (Law, 2013)	child/youth mental health	yes	yes	yes	typically solution-focused; collaboratively set; up to three goals	---	yes	0 to 10 scale where 0 is no progress toward goal achievement and 10 is goal achieved; track at regular intervals (e.g., every session)
Goals Form (Cooper, 2015)	psychotherapy	nob	nob	nob	specific, concise, simple, absolute (i.e., not relative to some baseline), approach, and SMART (i.e., see Doran, 1981 below), up to five goals	---	nob	revisit at regular interval, attainment measured on a 7-point scale and progress can be monitored by subtracting current session attainment from the prior session or at the start of treatment
Goal Setting and Action Planning (Scobbie et al., 2011)	rehabilitation	yes	yes	yes	Developing the goal intention: goal discussion and negotiation Setting a specific goal: consider goal specificity/difficulty	Activating goal-related behavior: action planning; coping planning	yes	Appraising performance and giving feedback: review performance in relation to action plan; provide feedback; use persuasion and modelling; plan adjustments based on performance
Goal Setting Theory (Latham & Locke, 1979)	management	yes	yes	yes	specific; acceptable; sufficiently challenging; with sufficient ability and resources, an explicit commitment, and a supportive supervisor	---	yes	knowledge of performance in relation to the goal is necessary; feedback is most helpful when it is periodic and guided by visual aids
Measurement-Based Care (i.e., Patient-Focused Research; Lambert et al., 2002)	psychotherapy	yesc	noc	noc	four domains in the original Outcome Questionnaire (i.e., intra- and inter-personal distress, role functioning, quality of life)	---	yesc	routinely administer symptom/outcome/process measure, practitioner review of data, practitioner and patient discussion of data, use decisional support, modify treatment, where needed
Model of Action Phases (Gollwitzer & Sheeran, 2006)	social psychology	yes	yes	yes	Predecisional action phase: selected goals will have high desirability and feasibility	Preactionaal phase and Implementation intentions: If-then plan specifying when, where, and how of goal realization	yes	Postactional phase: assess 1) degree of goal attainment and 2) quality of attainment outcomes
Partners for Change Outcome Management System (Routine Outcome Monitoring; Miller et al., 2005)	psychotherapy	nob	nob	nob	---	---	yesb	routinely administer visual analog scale for client intra- and inter-personal functioning, role functioning, and satisfaction with treatment (i.e., alliance). Ratings analyzed in relation to empirical benchmarks and feedback on functioning provided
Personal Concerns Inventory (Cox & Klinger, 2004)	addictions	yes	yes	yes	select among 12 life domains; each domain is rated along 10 dimensions (10-point scale e.g., commitment, likelihood of success, happiness if resolved	describe actions that will be taken to resolve each concern	yes	monitoring may occur via numeric changes on ratings, particularly for likelihood of success and happiness/unhappiness items
Progress monitoring (Goodman et al., 2013)	addictions	nob	nob	nob	---	---	nob	feedback to clinician and client, at regular intervals, progress-oriented, and with decision supports
Seven Steps for Problem Solving (Tober & Raistrick, 2020)	addictions	yes	yes	yes	7 steps for a problem-solving exercise: 1. clearly define the problem 2. think of solutions 3. weigh advantages and disadvantages 4. choose a solution	5. plan and agree to steps	yes	6. carry out the plan 7. review the outcome (e.g., was it successful? did I achieve the goal? What did I learn?)
Shared Decision-Making (Elwyn et al., 2012)	general medical care	nod	nod	nod	Choice Talk (e.g., offer choice, justify choice, check reaction) Option Talk (e.g., check knowledge, describe options, harms and benefits, decision support) Deliberation Talk (e.g., elicit preferences, move to decision, provide review)	---	nod	---
SMART (Doran, 1981)	management	noe	noe	noe	Specific Measurable Achievable Relevant Time-bound	Specific Measurable Achievable Relevant Time-bound	noe	---
Practice Dimension II (Tip 21; SAMHSA, 2017)	addictions	yes	yes	yes	specific measurable realistic timed mutually agreed upon	specific measurable realistic timed mutually agreed upon	yes	regular intervals; negotiate changes; openness to critically examine one’s work

Notes.

^*See also Smoking, Nutrition, Alcohol, Physical Activity Framework (The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, 2015).

^aMethod highly specific to goal formulation and tracking.

^bThese dimensions are not explicit in (Ottenbacher & Cusick, 1990).

^cThe importance of patient buy-in regarding selected measures discussed.

^dThese dimensions are not explicit in Elwyn et al., (2012). However, a review of the SDM Toolkit for Mental Health Practitioners (Karlin & Wenzel, 2018) illustrates a broader application of the framework to goal setting and monitoring conversations where motivation, barriers, and use of social support systems are emphasized.

^eOriginal Doran (1981) model highly specific to goal or objective formulation.