Analyses adjusted for chronological age, sex, race, smoking variables, and technical factors. (A) Horvath clock, (B) Hannum clock, (C) DNAm PhenoAge clock, (D) DNAm PAI-1 epigenetic predictor, (E) DNAm GrimAge clock.
HRs are per 5-year increment in each age measure, per standard deviation increment for DNAm PAI-1.
Technical factors include cell types, sample batch, laboratory site, and follow-up visit.
CI = confidence intervals, FHS = Framingham Heart Study, ARIC = Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities, CHS = Cardiovascular Health Study.
Tests for overall effect heterogeneity performed with the Q- and I-squared statistics.