(A) In alternating days of no-drug/drug conditioning (i.e., intermittent administration), female rats given high dose (16 μg/kg) fentanyl showed a significantly elevated LMA response compared to saline (****p < 0.0001) or compared to low dose (4 μg/kg) fentanyl (**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). The LMA returned to baseline on days when drug groups were given saline conditioning. A sensitized response was observed in females given high dose fentanyl when comparing day 3 fentanyl with day 9 fentanyl (*p < 0.05). (B) Male rats did not show an acute response to fentanyl, but did show a significant difference between saline and high dose fentanyl on day 9 (*p < 0.05). Males also showed sensitization to the low dose fentanyl comparing day 3 with day 9, but this may have been due to an increased LMA response over time in all male groups. (C) Female rats did not show a significant difference in LMA between drug days when the data were normalized to the saline-control, but significant differences were observed between low dose fentanyl and saline on day 5 (*p < 0.01), between saline and high dose fentanyl on days 5, 7, or 9 (***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01), and between low dose and high dose fentanyl on day 7 (*p < 0.05). (D) Male rats given 4 μg/kg fentanyl showed a significant increase in LMA between day 7 and day 9 of conditioning when the data were normalized to the saline-control. Points on the line graphs are means ± SEM.