Fig. 1.

DExD/H-box helicases regulate the TLR signaling pathway. TLRs located at the plasma membrane and endosomes recognize nucleic acids like dsRNA, ssRNA, and DNA to transduce signals through MyD88 and TRIF and then drive the activation of NF-κΒ to induce IFN-I production. DExD/H-box helicases play regulatory roles in the TLR-mediated signaling pathways. The green/T-shaped arrow indicates the interaction between DExD/H-box helicases and adaptors and promotes/inhibits signaling. MyD88, Myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88; TRIF, TIR-domain-containing adaptor protein inducing IFN-β; TRAF, TNF-receptor-associated factor; IKK, IκB kinase; NEMO, IKKγ, an IKK regulatory subunit; TRAM, TRIF-related adaptor molecule; IκBα, nuclear factor-kappa B inhibitor alpha; P, phosphate; ISRE, IFN-stimulated response element