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. 2021 Dec 15;63(3):499–529. doi: 10.1007/s12016-021-08905-x

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

The far-reaching effects of the aging immune system. Age-related changes in immune cells include genomic instability, epigenetic modifications, altered cellular metabolism, and cellular senescence. An aged and impaired immune system has broad consequences, affecting many tissues and systems of the body. Gut microbiota and the central nervous system are profoundly impacted by and, in turn, regulate the immune system