Table 3.
Odd ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for any, bothersome, and severe tinnitus according to selected individual-level and country-specific characteristics. 12 European countries, 2017-2018.
| Characteristics | Nb | ORa (95% CI) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any tinnitusc | Bothersome Tinnitusc | Severe Tinnitusc | ||
| Sex | ||||
| Men | 5404 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Women | 6023 | 1·03 (0·93-1·15) | 1·26 (1·07-1·48) | 1·36 (0·97-1·92) |
| Age groups | ||||
| 18-34 | 2935 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 35-44 | 2195 | 1·42 (1·17-1·74) | 2·22 (1·54-3·21) | 2·04 (0·90-4·65) |
| 45-54 | 2275 | 2·05 (1·70-2·47) | 3·62 (2·58-5·08) | 4·26 (2·05-8·86) |
| 55-64 | 1992 | 2·74 (2·28-3·31) | 3·85 (2·73-5·42) | 3·73 (1·74-7·99) |
| 65-74 | 1482 | 4·57 (3·77-5·54) | 6·83 (4·87-9·58) | 7·49 (3·59-15·63) |
| >=75 | 548 | 5·68 (4·53-7·11) | 9·20 (6·40-13·23) | 11·86 (5·48-25·67) |
| P for trend | <0·001 | <0·001 | <0·001 | |
| Educationd | ||||
| Low | 4036 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Intermediate | 4184 | 0·80 (0·70-0·91) | 0·53 (0·43-0·65) | 0·91 (0·60-1·39) |
| High | 3204 | 0·81 (0·70-0·94) | 0·57 (0·46-0·72) | 0·82 (0·51-1·32) |
| P for trend | <0·001 | <0·001 | <0·001 | |
| BMId | ||||
| Underweight | 277 | 0·93 (0·63-1·37) | 0·51 (0·23-1·14) | 0·11 (0·00-4·12) |
| Normal | 4947 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Overweight | 3810 | 1·17 (1·03-1·32) | 1·09 (0·91-1·32) | 0·95 (0·64-1·40) |
| Obese | 1597 | 1·17 (0·98-1·38) | 1·20 (0·95-1·53) | 1·44 (0·91-2·29) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married or cohabitant | 6499 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Divorced | 1483 | 0·88 (0·75-1·04) | 0·98 (0·78-1·24) | 1·30 (0·80-2·11) |
| Widowed | 861 | 1·07 (0·87-1·31) | 1·28 (0·98-1·66) | 2·18 (1·32-3·59) |
| Single | 2584 | 0·97 (0·83-1·15) | 0·81 (0·62-1·06) | 1·35 (0·78-2·31) |
| Hearing difficultyd | ||||
| No difficulty | 8839 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Slight difficulty | 1451 | 7·77 (6·72-8·99) | 6·27 (4·94-7·96) | 5·41 (3·14-9·33) |
| Bothersome hearing difficulty | 931 | 18·53 (15·55-22·08) | 33·21 (26·37-41·82) | 30·03 (18·77-48·04) |
| P for trend | <0·001 | <0·001 | <0·001 | |
| GDP per capita | ||||
| High | 5617 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Low | 5810 | 1·38 (1·23-1·54) | 1·26 (1·06-1·48) | 2·07 (1·48-2·90) |
| Geographic regions | ||||
| Eastern | 3714 | 1·22 (0·88-1·68) | 1·27 (0·82-1·98) | 1·88 (0·82-4·33) |
| Western | 1883 | 0·69 (0·52-0·92) | 0·88 (0·60-1·31) | 0·93 (0·43-2·01) |
| Northern | 1948 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Southern | 3882 | 0·79 (0·59-1·05) | 0·80 (0·54-1·20) | 1·08 (0·50-2·35) |
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; GDP, gross domestic product; OR, odds ratio; Ref, Reference category
Statistically significant ORs at 0·05 level are in bold
ORs and the corresponding 95% CIs were estimated using unconditional multiple logistic regression adjusting for sex, age and level of education.
Sample size (N) is the unweighted number of survey participants.
Country weight was applied, which combines individual weight with an additional weighting factor, with each country contributing in proportion to its population aged 18 years and above.
The numbers for education, BMI and hearing difficulty do not add up to the total because of missing values.