TABLE 2.
Summary of fMRI results during the contrasts A versus P and P versus A
| Reactive aggression (A) versus social positive (P) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anatomical structure involved | VIOL | CON | CONJ | Explanation |
| Precentral gyrus | L | R | – | VIOL left‐ and CON right‐hemispheric |
| Superior frontal gyrus | L/R | L/R | L/R | Both groups bi‐lateral with overlap |
| Medial frontal gyrus | L | R | – | VIOL left‐ and con right‐hemispheric |
| Inferior frontal gyrus | L/R | L/R | L/R | Both groups bi‐lateral with overlap |
| Between insula, IFG and precentral gyrus | – | L | – | Only CON left‐lateral |
| Cingulate gyrus | L | L | L | Both groups with overlap |
| Insula | L | L | – | Both groups left‐lateral; different sub‐regions |
| Postcentral gyrus | L/R | L/R | L/R | Both groups bi‐lateral with overlap |
| Between postcentral G. and paracentral L. | – | R | – | Only CON right lateral |
| Superior parietal lobule | L/R | L/R | L/R | Both groups bi‐lateral with overlap |
| Inferior parietal lobule | L | L/R | L | VIOL only left‐lateral with overlap |
| Precuneus | – | L | – | Only CON left‐lateral |
| Fusiform gyrus | R | L/R | L/R | Both groups "bi‐lateral" with overlap *) |
| Middle occipital gyrus | – | L | – | Only CON left‐lateral |
| Superior temporal gyrus | R | R | L/R | Both groups "right‐lateral" with overlap *) |
| Middle temporal gyrus | L | L/R | L | VIOL only left‐lateral with overlap |
| Inferior temporal gyrus | L/R | R | L/R | Both groups "bi‐lateral" with overlap *) |
| Parahippocampal gyrus/amygdala | – | R | – | Only CON right‐lateral |
| Uncus/amygdala | – | L | – | Only CON left‐lateral |
| Uncus | – | L | – | Only CON left‐lateral |
| Between caudate/caudate tail and PHG | L | – | L | Both groups "left‐lateral" with overlap *) |
| Brainstem/midbrain | L | L/R | – | VIOL only left‐lateral; different sub‐regions |
| Brainstem/pons | – | R | – | Only CON right‐lateral |
| Lentiform nucleus/medial globus pallidus | L | – | – | Only VIOL left‐lateral |
| Lentiform nucleus/lateral globus pallidus | R | – | – | Only VIOL right‐lateral |
| Thalamus | L | – | – | Only VIOL left‐lateral |
| Thalamus/pulvinar | – | L | – | Only CON left‐lateral |
| Between thalamus and caudate head | – | R | R | Both groups "right‐lateral" with overlap *) |
| Cerebellum/anterior lobe/culmen | L/R | L/R | R | Both groups bi‐lateral with overlap right‐lateral |
| Cerebellum/posterior lobe/declive | L/R | L | L/R | Both groups "bi‐lateral" with overlap *) |
| Cerebellum/posterior lobe/tuber | R | – | – | Only VIOL right‐lateral |
| Cerebellum/posterior lobe/uvula | – | – | L | Both groups overlap "left‐lateral" *) |
| Social positive (P) versus reactive aggression (A) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anatomical structure involved | VIOL | CON | CONJ | Explanation |
| Precentral gyrus | L/R | – | – | Only VIOL bi‐lateral |
| Superior frontal gyrus | R | L/R | R | VIOL only right‐lateral with overlap |
| Medial frontal gyrus | R | L/R | – | VIOL only right; different sub‐regions |
| Middle frontal gyrus | L/R | L/R | R | Both groups bi‐lateral; only right‐lat. overlap |
| Anterior cingulate | R | – | – | Only VIOL right‐lateral |
| Cingulate gyrus | R | R | R | Both groups right‐lateral with overlap |
| Posterior cingulate | L/R | L/R | L/R | Both groups bi‐lateral with overlap |
| Insula | L/R | – | – | Only VIOL bi‐lateral |
| Postcentral gyrus | R | – | – | Only VIOL right‐lateral |
| Inferior parietal lobule | R | – | R | Both groups "right‐lateral" with overlap *) |
| Precuneus | L | L/R | L | VIOL only left‐lateral with overlap |
| Superior occipital gyrus | L | – | L | Both groups "left‐lateral" with overlap *) |
| Cuneus | L | L | L/R | Both groups left‐lateral with "bi‐lat." overlap *) |
| Lingual gyrus | L | R | – | Only VIOL left‐lateral and CON right‐lateral |
| Fusiform gyrus | L | L | L | Both groups left‐lateral with overlap |
| Superior temporal gyrus | L/R | L/R | L/R | Both groups bi‐lateral with overlap |
| Middle temporal gyrus | L/R | L | – | CON only left‐lateral; different sub‐regions |
| Inferior temporal gyrus | L | L/R | L | CON only left‐lateral with overlap |
| Parahippocampal gyrus | L/R | L/R | L/R | Both groups bi‐lateral with overlap |
Note. List of brain regions showing at least one focus of activation for the contrast A versus P (upper panel) and P versus A (lower panel), separately for violent individuals (VIOL), controls (CON) and the conjunction (CONJ) between both groups. L means left hemispheric and R means right hemispheric foci in the respective anatomical regions.
*) = Within‐group‐ and conjunction analyses produce an inconsistent picture due to the different underlying statistical complexities of the applied algorithms (t‐test vs. conjunction analyses). Detailed information about coordinates and t‐values are listed in an online supporting document in Tables S1 and S2.