New bone formation within the femur defects at 12 weeks post-surgery. (a) 2D micro-CT images of implantation area. The circles indicate sagittal plane, rectangles indicate coronal plane. (b) 3D micro-CT images of mineralized bone formation. The circles indicate the original defect areas. (c) 3D micro-CT reconstruction images of implant areas. Orange regions indicate new bone. (d) Quantitative analysis of micro-CT of bone regeneration. Bone volume fractions (BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp), bone mineral density (BMD). Each data point represents the mean ± standard deviation (n = 3), statistically significant differences are indicated as ∗ P < 0.05, ∗∗P < 0.01, ∗∗∗P < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗P < 0.0001.