Table 2.
Bivariate estimates for major depression by background characteristics
| Variables | N | % | P value |
| Elder abuse | <0.001 | ||
| No | 2275 | 7.89 | |
| Yes | 358 | 22.58 | |
| Victim of crime | <0.001 | ||
| No | 2559 | 8.52 | |
| Yes | 71 | 17.70 | |
| Feeling unsafe | <0.001 | ||
| No | 2322 | 7.90 | |
| Yes | 316 | 13.27 | |
| Sex | <0.001 | ||
| Male | 1530 | 7.50 | |
| Female | 771 | 9.71 | |
| Age (in years) | 356 | 0.207 | |
| 60–69 | 8.41 | ||
| 70–79 | 1085 | 8.42 | |
| 80+ | 1572 | 10.79 | |
| Marital status | <0.001 | ||
| Currently in union | 1472 | 7.77 | |
| Not in union | 1185 | 10.13 | |
| Living arrangement | <0.001 | ||
| Alone | 238 | 13.51 | |
| With spouse | 519 | 8.56 | |
| Others | 1900 | 8.32 | |
| Educational status | <0.001 | ||
| No/primary | 2171 | 9.55 | |
| Secondary | 353 | 6.39 | |
| Higher | 133 | 5.56 | |
| Working status | <0.001 | ||
| Never worked | 615 | 7.59 | |
| Not working | 1133 | 10.33 | |
| Working | 735 | 7.87 | |
| Retired | 174 | 7.74 | |
| SRH | <0.001 | ||
| Good | 1437 | 6.19 | |
| Poor | 1219 | 16.42 | |
| Multimorbidity | <0.001 | ||
| No | 1793 | 7.68 | |
| Yes | 861 | 11.80 | |
| ADL difficulty | <0.001 | ||
| No | 1580 | 6.69 | |
| Yes | 1076 | 15.34 | |
| IADL difficulty | <0.001 | ||
| No | 894 | 5.58 | |
| Yes | 1759 | 12.06 | |
| Cognitive impairment | <0.001 | ||
| No | 1839 | 8.11 | |
| Yes | 409 | 11.46 | |
| MPCE quintile | <0.001 | ||
| Poorest | 592 | 8.88 | |
| Poorer | 526 | 7.92 | |
| Middle | 519 | 8.17 | |
| Richer | 519 | 8.74 | |
| Richest | 501 | 9.92 | |
| Religion | <0.001 | ||
| Hindu | 2179 | 8.60 | |
| Muslim | 318 | 9.63 | |
| Others | 160 | 7.94 | |
| Caste | <0.001 | ||
| SC/ST | 703 | 8.48 | |
| OBC | 1283 | 9.25 | |
| Others | 671 | 7.90 | |
| Place of residence | <0.001 | ||
| Urban | 566 | 6.34 | |
| Rural | 2091 | 9.62 | |
| Region | <0.001 | ||
| North | 267 | 6.80 | |
| Central | 932 | 14.53 | |
| East | 603 | 8.28 | |
| Northeast | 51 | 5.63 | |
| South | 399 | 5.82 | |
| West | 406 | 7.69 | |
| Total | 2657 | 8.67 |
ADL, activities of daily living; IALD, instrumental activities of daily living; MPCE, monthly per capita consumption expenditure; N, absolute numbers; OBC, Other Backward Class; SC, Scheduled Caste; SRH, self-rated health; ST, Scheduled Tribe.