Table 4.
Logistic regression estimates of major depression by socioeconomic characteristics among older adults
| Variables | Unadjusted OR | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) |
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||
| Elder abuse | |||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 3.129*** (2.582 to 3.793) | 2.468*** (1.964 to 3.103) | 2.470*** (1.965 to 3.105) | 2.469*** (1.964 to 3.103) | |
| Victim of crime | |||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.537** (1.046 to 2.258) | 1.842** (1.151 to 2.948) | 1.836** (1.148 to 2.936) | 1.846** (1.154 to 2.953) | |
| Feeling unsafe | |||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.646*** (1.380 to 1.962) | 1.611*** (1.344 to 1.931) | 1.611*** (1.344 to 1.931) | 1.611*** (1.345 to 1.931) | |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 1 | ||||
| Female | 1.354*** (1.112 to 1.649) | ||||
| Age (in years) | |||||
| 60–69 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 70–79 | 0.765*** (0.643 to 0.911) | 0.765*** (0.642 to 0.910) | 0.765*** (0.643 to 0.911) | 0.765*** (0.643 to 0.911) | |
| 80+ | 0.784 (0.573 to 1.073) | 0.783 (0.572 to 1.072) | 0.784 (0.573 to 1.073) | 0.784 (0.573 to 1.072) | |
| Marital status | |||||
| Currently in union | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Not in union | 1.145 (0.941 to 1.393) | 1.145 (0.941 to 1.393) | 1.145 (0.941 to 1.393) | 1.145 (0.941 to 1.393) | |
| Living arrangement | |||||
| Alone | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| With spouse | 0.871 (0.602 to 1.261) | 0.871 (0.602 to 1.260) | 0.871 (0.602 to 1.261) | 0.872 (0.602 to 1.261) | |
| Others | 0.825 (0.601 to 1.134) | 0.825 (0.601 to 1.134) | 0.825 (0.601 to 1.134) | 0.825 (0.601 to 1.133) | |
| Educational status | |||||
| No/primary | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Secondary | 0.868 (0.702 to 1.073) | 0.867 (0.702 to 1.072) | 0.869 (0.703 to 1.074) | 0.867 (0.701 to 1.072) | |
| Higher | 0.710** (0.505 to 0.999) | 0.709** (0.505 to 0.997) | 0.711** (0.505 to 0.999) | 0.710** (0.505 to 0.998) | |
| Working status | |||||
| Never worked | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Not working | 1.595*** (1.281 to 1.986) | 1.597*** (1.283 to 1.989) | 1.595*** (1.281 to 1.986) | 1.596*** (1.282 to 1.987) | |
| Working | 1.783*** (1.402 to 2.267) | 1.785*** (1.403 to 2.271) | 1.783*** (1.403 to 2.267) | 1.782*** (1.401 to 2.267) | |
| Retired | 1.904*** (1.314 to 2.759) | 1.910*** (1.318 to 2.770) | 1.903*** (1.313 to 2.758) | 1.903*** (1.313 to 2.758) | |
| SRH | |||||
| Good | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Poor | 2.438*** (2.065 to 2.877) | 2.437*** (2.065 to 2.876) | 2.437*** (2.065 to 2.877) | 2.440*** (2.069 to 2.879) | |
| Multimorbidity | |||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.360*** (1.149 to 1.610) | 1.361*** (1.150 to 1.610) | 1.360*** (1.149 to 1.610) | 1.361*** (1.151 to 1.611) | |
| ADL difficulty | |||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.717*** (1.394 to 2.116) | 1.717*** (1.393 to 2.116) | 1.718*** (1.394 to 2.116) | 1.717*** (1.394 to 2.115) | |
| IADL difficulty | |||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.528*** (1.270 to 1.839) | 1.529*** (1.270 to 1.840) | 1.528*** (1.270 to 1.839) | 1.528*** (1.270 to 1.839) | |
| Cognitive impairment | |||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.019 (0.834 to 1.246) | 1.020 (0.834 to 1.247) | 1.019 (0.834 to 1.246) | 1.018 (0.832 to 1.246) | |
| MPCE quintile | |||||
| Poorest | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Poorer | 0.912 (0.737 to 1.127) | 0.912 (0.738 to 1.127) | 0.911 (0.737 to 1.127) | 0.912 (0.737 to 1.127) | |
| Middle | 1.008 (0.775 to 1.311) | 1.007 (0.774 to 1.310) | 1.008 (0.775 to 1.311) | 1.008 (0.775 to 1.311) | |
| Richer | 1.158 (0.919 to 1.458) | 1.158 (0.920 to 1.458) | 1.158 (0.919 to 1.458) | 1.157 (0.919 to 1.458) | |
| Richest | 1.355** (1.070 to 1.716) | 1.355** (1.070 to 1.715) | 1.355** (1.070 to 1.716) | 1.354** (1.070 to 1.715) | |
| Religion | |||||
| Hindu | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Muslim | 0.898 (0.709 to 1.138) | 0.898 (0.709 to 1.139) | 0.898 (0.709 to 1.139) | 0.897 (0.708 to 1.138) | |
| Others | 1.283* (0.964 to 1.709) | 1.284* (0.964 to 1.709) | 1.284* (0.965 to 1.709) | 1.284* (0.964 to 1.709) | |
| Caste | |||||
| SC/ST | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| OBC | 1.428*** (1.173 to 1.738) | 1.428*** (1.174 to 1.739) | 1.428*** (1.173 to 1.738) | 1.428*** (1.173 to 1.738) | |
| Others | 1.158 (0.930 to 1.442) | 1.158 (0.930 to 1.443) | 1.158 (0.930 to 1.442) | 1.158 (0.930 to 1.442) | |
| Place of residence | |||||
| Urban | 1 | ||||
| Rural | 1.235** (1.016 to 1.501) | 1.235** (1.016 to 1.501) | 1.235** (1.016 to 1.502) | 1.235** (1.016 to 1.502) | |
| Region | |||||
| North | |||||
| Central | 2.198*** (1.732 to 2.788) | 2.197*** (1.732 to 2.788) | 2.197*** (1.732 to 2.787) | 2.198*** (1.732 to 2.788) | |
| East | 0.976 (0.783 to 1.217) | 0.976 (0.783 to 1.217) | 0.976 (0.783 to 1.217) | 0.976 (0.782 to 1.217) | |
| Northeast | 0.778 (0.550 to 1.101) | 0.778 (0.550 to 1.100) | 0.778 (0.550 to 1.101) | 0.778 (0.550 to 1.101) | |
| South | 0.520*** (0.395 to 0.683) | 0.520*** (0.396 to 0.683) | 0.520*** (0.396 to 0.683) | 0.519*** (0.395 to 0.683) | |
| West | 0.874 (0.669 to 1.143) | 0.874 (0.669 to 1.143) | 0.875 (0.669 to 1.143) | 0.873 (0.667 to 1.143) | |
| Elder abuse # sex | |||||
| No # male | 1 | ||||
| No # female | 1.364*** (1.109 to 1.677) | ||||
| Yes # male | 2.566*** (1.841 to 3.577) | ||||
| Yes # female | 3.271*** (2.342 to 4.567) | ||||
| Victim # sex | |||||
| No # male | 1 | ||||
| No # female | 1.351*** (1.107 to 1.648) | ||||
| Yes # male | 1.759* (0.949 to 3.261) | ||||
| Yes # female | 2.621*** (1.263 to 5.437) | ||||
| Feeling unsafe # sex | |||||
| No # male | 1 | ||||
| No # female | 1.341*** (1.087 to 1.655) | ||||
| Yes # male | 1.562*** (1.163 to 2.097) | ||||
| Yes # female | 2.202*** (1.683 to 2.882) | ||||
| Pseudo R2 | 0.0225 | 0.1141 | 0.1141 | 0.1141 | 0.1141 |
*P<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
Model 1 is adjusted for sociodemographic factors such as age, education, marital status, living arrangement and working status, health variables such as SRH, multimorbidity, ADL/IADL difficulties and cognitive impairment along with household factors of MPCE quintile, religion, caste and place of residence; Models 2, 3 and 4 are interaction models, adjusted for all covariates.
ADL, activities of daily living; AOR, adjusted OR; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; MPCE, monthly per capita consumption expenditure; OBC, Other Backward Class; SC, Scheduled Caste; SRH, self-rated health; ST, Scheduled Tribe.