Table 2.
Prevalence of multiple concurrent forms of undernutrition among under 5 children
| Factors | Multiple concurrent forms of undernutrition | |||
| No | Yes | |||
| No (%) | Proportion (95% CI) | No (%) | Proportion/prevalence (95% CI) | |
| Total | 6133 | 80.7 (79.5,81.8) | 1528 | 19.3 (18.2 to 20.5) |
| Mothers’ age (in years) | ||||
| 15–19 | 755 | 81.1 (78.1 to 83.8) | 183 | 18.9 (16.2 to 21.9) |
| 20–24 | 2187 | 81.7 (79.9 to 83.4) | 492 | 18.3 (16.6 to 20.1) |
| 25–29 | 1697 | 79.8 (77.9 to 81.6) | 449 | 20.2 (18.4 to 22.1) |
| 30–34 | 1029 | 80.6 (77.8 to 83.2) | 264 | 19.4 (16.8 to 22.2) |
| 35–39 | 378 | 80.1 (75.8 to 83.8) | 103 | 19.9 (16.2 to 24.2) |
| ≥40 | 87 | 71.0 (61.1 to 79.2) | 37 | 29.0 (20.8 to 38.9) |
| p values (χ2 test) | 0.160 | |||
| Parents’ education | ||||
| Both parents were uneducated | 186 | 62.6 (55.7 to 69.0) | 108 | 37.4 (31.0 to 44.3) |
| Only father was uneducated | 644 | 74.4 (70.9 to 77.7) | 221 | 25.6 (22.3 to 29.1) |
| Only mother was uneducated | 168 | 72.0 (65.0 to 78.1) | 75 | 28.0 (21.9 to 35.0) |
| Both parents were educated | 5135 | 82.7 (81.5 to 83.8) | 1124 | 17.3 (16.2 to 18.5) |
| p values (χ2 test) | <0.001 | |||
| Mother currently working | ||||
| No | 3715 | 82.2 (80.7 to 83.6) | 845 | 17.8 (16.4 to 19.3) |
| Yes | 2418 | 78.4 (76.6 to 80.1) | 683 | 21.6 (19.9 to 23.4) |
| p values (χ2 test) | 0.0004 | |||
| Underweight mother | ||||
| No | 5353 | 82.3 (81.0 to 83.5) | 1182 | 17.7 (16.5 to 19.0) |
| Yes (<18.5 kg/m2) | 780 | 70.5 (67.5 to 73.3) | 346 | 29.5 (26.7 to 32.5) |
| p values (χ2 test) | <0.001 | |||
| Mothers received antenatal care | ||||
| No | 266 | 73.8 (68.7,78.4) | 97 | 26.2 (21.6 to 31.3) |
| Yes | 3476 | 84.0 (82.6,85.2) | 701 | 16.0 (14.8 to 17.4) |
| p values (χ2 test) | <0.001 | |||
| Mothers received postnatal care | ||||
| No | 1290 | 85.8 (83.7 to 87.7) | 219 | 14.2 (12.3 to 16.3) |
| Yes | 2448 | 81.7 (80.1 to 83.3) | 578 | 18.3 (16.7 to 19.9) |
| p=0.001 | ||||
| Mothers experienced IPV | ||||
| No | 5055 | 81.3 (80.1 to 82.5) | 1209 | 18.7 (17.5 to 19.9) |
| Yes | 1078 | 77.8 (75.2 to 80.2) | 319 | 22.2 (19.8 to 24.8) |
| p values (χ2 test) | 0.005 | |||
| Mothers’ decision-making autonomy | ||||
| Not practised | 852 | 79.5 (76.7 to 82.1) | 231 | 20.5 (17.9 to 23.3) |
| Practised | 5281 | 80.8 (79.5 to 82.1) | 1297 | 19.2 (17.9 to 20.5) |
| P values (χ2 test) | 0.370 | |||
| Father’s occupation | ||||
| Currently not working | 52 | 71.9 (58.6 to 82.2) | 21 | 28.1 (17.8 to 41.4) |
| Manual labourer | 4277 | 79.1 (77.7 to 80.4) | 1181 | 20.9 (19.6 to 22.3) |
| Professional | 425 | 90.4 (87.1 to 92.9) | 47 | 9.6 (7.1 to 12.9) |
| Businessman | 1379 | 84.0 (81.8 to 86.0) | 279 | 16.0 (14.0 to 18.2) |
| p values (χ2 test) | p<0.001 | |||
| Source of water | ||||
| Improved | 5309 | 80.3 (79.0 to 81.6) | 1349 | 19.7 (18.4 to 21.0) |
| Unimproved | 824 | 82.9 (80.1 to 85.4) | 179 | 17.1 (14.6 to 19.9) |
| P values (χ2 test) | 0.092 | |||
| Type of toilet facility | ||||
| Improved | 3587 | 82.6 (81.1 to 84.0) | 772 | 17.4 (16.0 to 18.9) |
| Unimproved | 2546 | 78.1 (76.2 to 79.9) | 756 | 21.9 (20.1 to 23.8) |
| 0.0001 | ||||
| Solid waste use in cooking | ||||
| No | 1888 | 84.7 (82.7 to 86.5) | 330 | 15.3 (13.5 to 17.3) |
| Yes | 4245 | 78.9 (77.5 to 80.3) | 1198 | 21.1 (19.7 to 22.5) |
| p values (χ2 test) | <0.001 | |||
| Mass media exposure | ||||
| No | 2095 | 76.2 (74.2 to 78.1) | 676 | 23.8 (21.9 to 25.8) |
| Yes | 4038 | 83.1 (81.7 to 84.3) | 852 | 16.9 (15.7 to 18.3) |
| p values (χ2 test) | <0.001 | |||
| Wealth index | ||||
| Poorest | 1248 | 73.6 (71.0 to 76.0) | 460 | 26.4 (24.0 to 29.0) |
| Poorer | 1172 | 77.2 (74.8 to 79.5) | 373 | 22.8 (20.5 to 25.2) |
| Middle | 1105 | 81.3 (78.6 to 83.7) | 276 | 18.7 (16.3 to 21.4) |
| Richer | 1266 | 82.8 (80.2 to 85.1) | 267 | 17.2 (14.9 to 19.8) |
| Richest | 1342 | 89.8 (87.7 to 91.5) | 152 | 10.2 (8.5 to 12.3) |
| p values (χ2 test) | p<0.001 | |||
| Place of residence | ||||
| Urban | 2152 | 82.8 (80.5 to 84.8) | 453 | 17.2 (15.2 to 19.5) |
| Rural | 3981 | 79.9 (78.5 to 81.3) | 1075 | 20.1 (18.7 to 21.5) |
| p values (χ2 test) | 0.032 | |||
| Children’s age (in months) | ||||
| 0–11 months | 1454 | 88.0 (86.2 to 89.6) | 219 | 12.0 (10.4 to 13.8) |
| 12–23 months | 1293 | 82.7 (80.5 to 84.7) | 290 | 17.3 (15.3 to 19.5) |
| 24–35 months | 1141 | 77.6 (75.0 to 80.1) | 334 | 22.4 (19.9 to 25.0) |
| 36–47 months | 1097 | 77.7 (75.0 to 80.2) | 320 | 22.3 (19.8 to 25.0) |
| 48–59 months | 1148 | 76.1 (73.6 to 78.5) | 365 | 23.9 (21.5 to 26.4) |
| p values (χ2 test) | <0.001 | |||
| Sex of child | ||||
| Male | 3188 | 80.4 (78.8 to 82.0) | 807 | 19.6 (18.0 to 21.2) |
| Female | 2945 | 80.9 (79.3 to 82.4) | 721 | 19.1 (17.6 to 20.7) |
| p values (χ2 test) | 0.645 | |||
| Birth order | ||||
| One | 2385 | 82.3 (80.5 to 83.9) | 517 | 17.7 (16.1 to 19.5) |
| Two | 2043 | 82.1 (80.3 to 83.7) | 464 | 17.9 (16.3 to 19.7) |
| Three | 1023 | 80.4 (78.0 to 82.6) | 274 | 19.6 (17.4 to 22.0) |
| Four and above | 682 | 72.4 (68.8 to 75.8) | 273 | 27.6 (24.2 to 31.2) |
| p values (χ2 test) | <0.001 | |||
| Low birth weight | ||||
| No | 1618 | 89.5 (87.7 to 91.0) | 197 | 10.5 (9.0 to 12.3) |
| Yes (<2.5 kg) | 230 | 72.7 (67.1 to 77.7) | 96 | 27.3 (22.3 to 32.9) |
| Not weighted | 2043 | 79.7 (77.8 to 81.4) | 551 | 20.3 (18.6 to 22.2) |
| p values (χ2 test) | <0.001 | |||
| Currently had disease | ||||
| No | 3277 | 81.5 (79.9 to 82.9) | 766 | 18.5 (17.1 to 20.1) |
| Yes | 2856 | 79.8 (78.1 to 81.4) | 762 | 20.2 (18.6 to 21.9) |
| p values (χ2 test) | 0.103 | |||
No undernutrition for multiple concurrent forms includes healthy children and children with single form of undernutrition.
IPV, inmate partner violence.