Table 3.
Distribution of maternal and sociodemographic factors, by continuum of care-seeking classes combining ANC visits, delivery and PNC in Kenya and Uganda, using Demographic and Health Surveys 2014–2016 data
| Variables | ≥4 ANC visits, n=13 888 | 2–3 ANC visits, n=8744 | 1 ANC visit, n=775 | 0 ANC visit, n=1027 | |||||||||||
| Highest (facility birth and PNC) n (%) |
High (facility birth, no PNC n (%) |
Slightly high (no facility birth, PNC) n (%) |
Moderately low (no facility birth, no PNC) n (%) |
Higher (facility birth, PNC) n (%) |
Moderately high (facility birth, no PNC) n (%) |
Moderately lower (no facility birth, PNC n (%) |
Very low (no facility birth, no PNC) n (%) |
7th lowest (facility birth, PNC) n (%) |
6th lowest (facility birth, no PNC) n (%) |
5h lowest (no facility birth, PNC) n (%) |
4th lowest (no facility birth, no PNC) n (%) |
3rd lowest (facility birth, no PNC) n (%) |
2nd lowest (no facility birth, PNC) n (%) |
Lowest (no facility birth, no PNC) n (%) |
|
| Maternal age (years) | |||||||||||||||
| 15–24 | 1625 (32.8) |
1680 (32.4) |
213 (28.3) |
815 (27.2) |
832 (35.3) |
1001 (36.0) |
159 (25.2) |
778 (26.2) |
51 (44.4) |
77 (36.2) |
20 (31.8) |
123 (32.0) |
43 (40.6) |
36 (29.7) |
189 (23.6) |
| 25–34 | 2406 (48.5) |
2513 (48.5) |
315 (46.6) |
1410 (47.1) |
1064 (45.2) |
1240 (44.6) |
303 (47.9) |
1385 (46.6) |
35 (30.4) |
91 (42.7) |
17 (27.0) |
160 (41.7) |
41 (38.7) |
52 (43.0) |
360 (45.0) |
| 35–49 | 930 (18.7) |
986 (19.1) |
189 (25.1) |
771 (25.7) |
459 (19.5) |
541 (19.4) |
170 (26.9) |
812 (27.3) |
29 (25.2) |
45 (21.1) |
26 (41.2) |
101 (26.3) |
22 (20.7) |
33 (27.3) |
251 (31.4) |
| Place of residence | |||||||||||||||
| Urban | 1669 (33.6) |
2096 (40.5) |
164 (21.8) |
483 (16.1) |
677 (28.8) |
956 (34.4) |
122 (19.3) |
409 (13.8) |
30 (26.1) |
79 (37.1) |
14 (22.2) |
52 (13.5) |
33 (31.1) |
18 (14.9) |
85 (10.6) |
| Rural | 3292 (66.4) |
3083 (59.5) |
588 (78.2) |
2513 (83.9) |
1678 (71.3) |
1826 (65.6) |
510 (80.7) |
2566 (86.2) |
85 (73.9) |
134 (62.9) |
49 (77.8) |
332 (86.5) |
73 (68.9) |
103 (85.1) |
715 (89.4) |
| Distance to the nearest health facility is a big problem. | |||||||||||||||
| No | 3490 (70.3) |
1561 (66.5) |
472 (62.8) |
876 (52.3) |
1580 (67.1) |
810 (62.9) |
379 (60.1) |
862 (50.5) |
74 (64.4) |
60 (63.2) |
36 (57.1) |
97 (47.1) |
34 (68) |
62 (51.2) |
148 (42.8) |
| Yes | 1471 (29.7) |
785 (33.5) |
280 (37.2) |
798 (47.7) |
775 (32.9) |
477 (37.1) |
252 (39.9) |
844 (49.5) |
41 (35.6) |
35 (36.8) |
27 (42.9) |
109 (52.9) |
16 (32.0) |
59 (48.8) |
198 (57.2) |
| Maternal education level | |||||||||||||||
| No education | 435 (8.8) |
389 (7.5) |
167 (22.2) |
811 (27.1) |
241 (10.2) |
271 (9.8) |
140 (22.2) |
726 (24.4) |
15 (13.0) |
42 (19.7) |
18 (28.6) |
139 (36.2) |
20 (18.9) |
63 (52.0) |
486 (60.8) |
| Primary | 2535 (51.1) |
2721 (52.5) |
486 (64.6) |
1789 (59.7) |
1369 (58.2) |
1645 (59.1) |
399 (63.1) |
1960 (65.9) |
73 (63.5) |
124 (58.2) |
37 (58.7) |
218 (56.8) |
57 (53.8) |
52 (43.0) |
280 (35.0) |
| Secondary and higher | 1991 (40.1) |
2069 (40.0) |
99 (13.2) |
396 (13.2) |
745 (31.6) |
866 (31.1) |
93 (14.7) |
289 (9.7) |
27 (23.5) |
47 (22.1) |
8 (12.7) |
27 (7.0) |
29 (27.3) |
6 (5.0) |
34 (4.3) |
| Partner/husband education level | |||||||||||||||
| No education | 255 (6.1) |
128 (6.5) |
118 (16.9) |
276 (19.1) |
142 (7.4) |
68 (6.5) |
98 (16.8) |
259 (17.5) |
7 (8.4) |
17 (23.0) |
13 (23.2) |
39 (23.8) |
4 (13.8) |
52 (49.5) |
173 (55.0) |
| Primary | 1860 (44.6) |
991 (50.3) |
401 (57.5) |
815 (56.5) |
1011 (52.4) |
590 (56.2) |
348 (59.8) |
938 (63.5) |
46 (55.4) |
39 (52.7) |
32 (57.1) |
96 (58.5) |
19 (65.5) |
43 (41.0) |
109 (35.3) |
| Secondary and higher | 2059 (49.3) |
851 (43.2) |
179 (25.6) |
352 (24.4) |
777 (40.2) |
392 (37.3) |
136 (23.4) |
280 (19.0) |
30 (36.1) |
18 (24.3) |
11 (19.6) |
29 (17.7) |
6 (20.7) |
10 (9.5) |
27 (8.7) |
| Knowledge about pregnancy, birth complications (only Kenya) | |||||||||||||||
| No | 537 (32.8) |
319 (39.1) |
348 (47.4) |
286 (63.4) |
341 (45.6) |
250 (53.7) |
349 (55.6) |
351 (66.9) |
29 (64.4) |
23 (50.0) |
44 (69.8) |
63 (75.9) |
– | – | – |
| Yes | 1099 (67.2) |
496 (60.9) |
386 (52.6) |
165 (36.6) |
407 (54.4) |
216 (46.3) |
279 (44.4) |
174 (33.1) |
16 (35.6) |
23 (50.0) |
19 (30.2) |
20 (24.1) |
– | – | – |
| Desire to have a child | |||||||||||||||
| No | 142 (8.7) |
215 (9.2) |
97 (12.9) |
206 (12.3) |
249 (10.6) |
153 (11.9) |
120 (19.0) |
257 (15.1) |
24 (20.9) |
22 (23.2) |
18 (28.6) |
40 (19.4) |
7 (14.0) |
29 (24.0) |
48 (13.9) |
| Yes | 1496 (91.3) |
2132 (90.8) |
654 (87.1) |
1469 (87.7) |
2106 (89.4) |
1133 (80.1) |
512 (81.0) |
1449 (84.9) |
91 (79.1) |
73 (76.8) |
45 (71.4) |
166 (80.6) |
43 (86.0) |
92 (76.0) |
298 (86.1) |
| Who ultimately makes care-seeking decisions | |||||||||||||||
| Respondent alone | 1337 (32.7) |
548 (28.6) |
229 (36.6) |
461 (32.2) |
600 (31.9) |
343 (33.0) |
172 (33.0) |
416 (28.9) |
28 (34.2) |
14 (19.4) |
16 (36.4) |
49 (30.2) |
10 (35.7) |
18 (22.2) |
61 (20.7) |
| Both | 1776 (43.5) |
834 (43.4) |
236 (37.8) |
600 (41.9) |
834 (44.3) |
437 (42.1) |
186 (35.7) |
612 (42.4) |
32 (39.0) |
36 (50.0) |
13 (29.6) |
56 (34.6) |
8 (28.6) |
31 (38.3) |
134 (45.6) |
| Husband alone | 973 (23.8) |
537 (28.0) |
160 (25.0) |
370 (25.9) |
448 (23.8) |
258 (24.9) |
163 (31.3) |
414 (28.7) |
22 (26.8) |
22 (30.6) |
15 (34.1) |
57 (35.2) |
10 (35.7) |
32 (39.5) |
99 (33.7) |
| Parity | |||||||||||||||
| Primiparous | 1293 (26.1) |
1388 (26.8) |
96 (12.8) |
324 (10.8) |
555 (23.6) |
715 (25.7) |
68 (10.8) |
295 (9.9) |
32 (27.8) |
53 (24.9) |
10 (15.9) |
53 (13.8) |
28 (26.4) |
13 (10.7) |
98 (12.3) |
| Para 2–3 | 1877 (37.8) |
2113 (40.8) |
287 (38.2) |
988 (33.0) |
855 (36.3) |
1061 (38.1) |
219 (34.7) |
906 (30.5) |
28 (24.4) |
72 (33.8) |
16 (25.4) |
108 (28.1) |
33 (31.1) |
36 (29.8) |
200 (25.0) |
| Para 4+ | 1791 (36.1) |
1678 (32.4) |
369 (49.0) |
1684 (56.2) |
945 (40.1) |
1006 (36.2) |
345 (54.6) |
1774 (59.6) |
55 (47.8) |
88 (41.3) |
37 (58.7) |
223 (58.1) |
45 (42.5) |
72 (59.5) |
502 (62.7) |
| Wealth status | |||||||||||||||
| Poor | 1785 (36.0) |
1739 (33.6) |
497 (66.1) |
1953 (65.2) |
994 (42.2) |
1181 (42.5) |
446 (70.6) |
2108 (70.9) |
52 (45.2) |
106 (49.8) |
50 (47.2) |
285 (74.2) |
43 (68.3) |
103 (85.1) |
684 (85.5) |
| Middle | 854 (17.2) |
1031 (19.9) |
132 (17.6) |
556 (18.5) |
457 (19.4) |
565 (20.3) |
127 (20.1) |
498 (16.7) |
24 (20.9) |
44 (20.7) |
20 (18.9) |
60 (15.6) |
10 (15.9) |
15 (12.4) |
51 (6.4) |
| Rich | 2322 (46.8) |
2409 (46.5) |
123 (16.4) |
487 (16.3) |
904 (38.4) |
1036 (37.2) |
59 (9.3) |
369 (12.4) |
39 (33.9) |
63 (29.6) |
36 (34.9) |
39 (10.29 |
10 (15.9) |
3 (2.5) |
65 (8.1) |
| Marital status | |||||||||||||||
| Single | 859 (17.3) |
880 (17.0) |
123 (16.4) |
435 (14.5) |
464 (19.7) |
403 (20.6) |
109 (17.3) |
458 (15.4) |
33 (28.7) |
55 (25.8) |
19 (30.2) |
90 (23.4) |
38 (35.9) |
39 (32.2) |
123 (15.4) |
| Married | 4102 (82.7) |
4299 (83.0) |
629 (83.6) |
2561 (85.5) |
1891 (80.3) |
1558 (79.5) |
523 (82.7) |
2517 (84.6) |
82 (72.3) |
158 (74.2) |
44 (69.8) |
294 (76.6) |
68 (64.1) |
82 (67.8) |
677 (84.6) |
| Mass media exposure | |||||||||||||||
| No | 804 (16.2) |
484 (20.6) |
733 (14.1) |
521 (18.7) |
204 (27.1) |
993 (33.2) |
176 (27.9) |
1105 (37.1) |
26 (22.6) |
56 (26.3) |
17 (27.0) |
170 (44.3) |
27 (25.5) |
61 (50.4) |
508 (36.6) |
| Yes | 4157 (83.8) | 1871 (79.4) |
4446 (85.9) |
2261 (81.3) |
548 (72.9) |
2001 (66.8) |
456 (72.1) |
1870 (62.9) |
89 (77.4) |
157 (72.7) |
46 (73.0) |
214 (55.7) |
79 (74.5) |
60 (49.6) |
291 (36.4) |
ANC, antenatal care; PNC, postnatal care.