Table 7.

The Effect of Growth Hormone Therapy on Verbal and Working Memory of Patients after Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Author	Design	Severity	No. of patients with treatment	No. of patients without treatment	Treatment beginning and length (months)	WAIS III. Verbal comprehension	Digit span	CVLT	Verbal episodic memory	Rey-Auditory verbal learning	p value in the treated group from baseline	p value between treated and untreated groups
High et al.30	RCT	Moderate-to-severe. GCS: 5.8 (SD: 3.4)	12	11	Chronic, 12	X	X	X			In CVLT: <0.05
Dubiel et al.29	RCT	All severities GOSE score: 3-17	16	18	Acute, 6		X	X				n.s.
Reimunde et al.31	Cohort study	No GCS assessed	11	8	Chronic, 3+cognitive therapy	X	X				In the numbers <0.05	n.s.
Mossberg et al.34	Open label study	Moderate-severe	15		Chronic, 12			X			n.s.
Moreau et al.33	Cohort study	All severities GCS: 8.1 (SD: 5.1)	23	27	Chronic, 12	X			X		<0.05	>0.05
Maric et al.38	Case series	Moderate-to-severe. GCS: 8-10	4	2	Chronic, 6	X				X	Improvement

Verbal and working memory were assessed by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), and the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning test. Acute treatment was started within 1 month after TBI. Statistical significance is indicated at p < 0.05.

RCT, randomized controlled trial; n.s., non-significant; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; SD, standard deviation; GOSE, Glasgow Outcome Score-Extended.