Table 2.

Summary of the effects of cytokines produced by M2 macrophage on osteoclasts.

Cytokine	Action	Reference
IL-10	Inhibits OC formation; reduces OC activity; upregulates OPG and downregulates RANKL, M-CSF; blocks the production of pro-osteoclast factors, like IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α	(142–146)
BMP-2	Promotes OC formation, differentiation, activity, and survival; regulates RANKL and M-CSF production	(142–151)
TGF-β1	Inhibits NFATc1 expression and suppresses OC generation, and activity	(152)
OPN	Increases OC attachment; improves OC activity; regulates matrix calcification and cytokines, like IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ	(153–157)
1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3	Inconsistent effect on osteoclasts; inhibits OC formation and differentiation mostly, but promotes osteogenesis sometimes	(158–165)