1Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
2BIOMERIS (BIOMedical Research Informatics Solutions), Pavia, Italy
3Clinical Research Unit, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
4Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
5Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
6Information Technology Department, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
7Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA SB IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
8Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
9Department of Electrical Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
10Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
11Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
12Health Informatics, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
13Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
14Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
15Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
16Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
17Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
18Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
19Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
20Department of Computer Science, Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
21Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
22Department of Anaesthesia, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
23Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
24Michigan Institute for Clinical & Health Research Informatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
25Laboratory of Informatics and Systems Engineering for Clinical Research, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA SB IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
26Clinical Hospital of Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
27Informatique et archivistique médicales unit, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
28Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
29Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
30Department of Biomedical Informatics, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malade, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris, Paris, France
31Department of Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Digital Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
32Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
33Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, Internal Medicine, Human Genetics, and Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
34Division of Medical Informatics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
35Data Analytics Center, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA, United States
36Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
37Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
38Section of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Brenner Children's Hospital, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States
39see Authors’ Contributions
✉Corresponding Author: Tianxi Cai tcai@hsph.harvard.edu
©Griffin M Weber, Harrison G Zhang, Sehi L'Yi, Clara-Lea Bonzel, Chuan Hong, Paul Avillach, Alba Gutiérrez-Sacristán, Nathan P Palmer, Amelia Li Min Tan, Xuan Wang, William Yuan, Nils Gehlenborg, Anna Alloni, Danilo F Amendola, Antonio Bellasi, Riccardo Bellazzi, Michele Beraghi, Mauro Bucalo, Luca Chiovato, Kelly Cho, Arianna Dagliati, Hossein Estiri, Robert W Follett, Noelia García Barrio, David A Hanauer, Darren W Henderson, Yuk-Lam Ho, John H Holmes, Meghan R Hutch, Ramakanth Kavuluru, Katie Kirchoff, Jeffrey G Klann, Ashok K Krishnamurthy, Trang T Le, Molei Liu, Ne Hooi Will Loh, Sara Lozano-Zahonero, Yuan Luo, Sarah Maidlow, Adeline Makoudjou, Alberto Malovini, Marcelo Roberto Martins, Bertrand Moal, Michele Morris, Danielle L Mowery, Shawn N Murphy, Antoine Neuraz, Kee Yuan Ngiam, Marina P Okoshi, Gilbert S Omenn, Lav P Patel, Miguel Pedrera Jiménez, Robson A Prudente, Malarkodi Jebathilagam Samayamuthu, Fernando J Sanz Vidorreta, Emily R Schriver, Petra Schubert, Pablo Serrano Balazote, Byorn WL Tan, Suzana E Tanni, Valentina Tibollo, Shyam Visweswaran, Kavishwar B Wagholikar, Zongqi Xia, Daniela Zöller, The Consortium for Clinical Characterization of COVID-19 by EHR (4CE), Isaac S Kohane, Tianxi Cai, Andrew M South, Gabriel A Brat. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 30.11.2021.
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