Figure 1:

a The mechanism of mutagenesis. Nine mechanisms are grouped into three scales: 1) molecular-based mechanism (green color); 2) organism-based mechanism (red color); and 3) population-based mechanism (blue color). The reading frame shifts (Shift), replication error (Rep), Transcription error (Transcr), viral proofreading (Proof), and recombination (Recomb) are the six molecular-based mechanisms. The gene editing and the host-virus recombination are the organism-based mechanism. In addition, the natural selection (Natural) is the population-based mechanism, which is the mainly driven source in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. b A sketch of SARS-CoV-2 and its interaction with host cell. c Illustration of 30 single-site RBD mutations with top frequencies. The height of each bar shows the BFE change of each mutation, the color of each bar represents the natural log of frequency of each mutation, and the number at the top of each bar means the AI-predicted number of antibody and RBD complexes that may be significantly disrupted by a single site mutation. d Illustration of SARS-CoV-2 S protein with human ACE2. The blue chain represents the human ACE2, the pink chain represents the S protein, and the purple fragment on the S protein points out the two vaccine-resistant mutations Y449S/H.