Table 1.
Characteristics of septic patients with and without AKI progression
| Characteristics | Overall (n = 149) | Progression (n = 63) | Non-Progression (n = 86) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, y | 59.6 ± 16.0 | 60.8 ± 15.2 | 58.8 ± 16.6 | 0.536 |
| Male, n (%) | 99 (66.4) | 34 (54.0) | 65 (75.6) | 0.006 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 67 (45.0) | 28 (44.4) | 39 (45.3) | 0.913 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 34 (22.8) | 15 (23.8) | 19 (22.1) | 0.805 |
| Prior CKDa, n (%) | 15 (10.1) | 8 (12.7) | 7 (8.1) | 0.361 |
| Mode of admission | ||||
| Medical, n (%) | 27 (18.1) | 14 (22.2) | 13 (15.1) | 0.266 |
| Surgical, n (%) | 117 (78.5) | 45 (71.4) | 72 (83.7) | 0.071 |
| Emergency, n (%) | 5 (3.4) | 4 (6.3) | 1 (1.2) | 0.082 |
| Primary source of sepsis | ||||
| Pulmonary, n (%) | 90 (60.4) | 48 (76.2) | 42 (48.8) | 0.001 |
| Intra-abdominal, n (%) | 27 (18.1) | 9 (14.3) | 18 (20.9) | 0.345 |
| Soft tissue, n (%) | 6 (4.0) | 2 (3.2) | 4 (4.7) | 0.651 |
| Urinary, n (%) | 4 (2.7) | 2 (3.2) | 2 (2.3) | 0.751 |
| Other, n (%) | 40 (26.8) | 14 (22.2) | 26 (30.2) | 0.276 |
| Baseline renal function | ||||
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.861 |
| eGFR, ml/min per 1.73m2 | 90.7 ± 27.0 | 87.8 ± 28.5 | 91.7 ± 25.9 | 0.429 |
| Parameters on ICU admission | ||||
| APACHE II | 20.0 (13.0-25.0) | 23.0 (18.0-27.0) | 17.0 (11.8-23.0) | < 0.001 |
| SOFA | 6.0 (4.0-8.0) | 7.0 (5.0-9.0) | 5.0 (4.0-7.0) | 0.031 |
| MODS | 5.0 (3.0-6.0) | 5.0 (4.0-7.0) | 4.0 (3.0-6.0) | 0.033 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 118.1 ± 78.1 | 106.7 ± 30.4 | 126.5 ± 98.8 | 0.014 |
| Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L | 9.6 ± 7.4 | 10.6 ± 8.0 | 8.9 ± 6.9 | 0.274 |
| Serum albumin, g/L | 29.3 ± 7.7 | 28.2 ± 6.9 | 30.1 ± 8.1 | 0.072 |
| Blood lactate, mmol/L | 2.9 ± 2.1 | 3.3 ± 2.2 | 2.7 ± 2.0 | 0.086 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/ml | 2.2 (0.2-19.8) | 2.1 (0.9-9.0) | 2.6 (0.1-41.3) | 0.900 |
| Nephrotoxic antibioticsb, n (%) | 49 (32.9) | 28 (44.4) | 21 (24.4) | 0.010 |
Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± SD or median (25th percentile-75th percentile, interquartile range). Categorical variables were expressed as a number (%)
AKI progression is defined as worsening of AKI stage
a Defined as baseline eGFR < 60 ml/min per 1.73m2. Baseline eGFR was calculated by CKD-Epidemiology Collaboration equation according to at least three measurements of serum creatinine over a 6-month period before admission
b Usage of vancomycin, aminoglycosides, or amphotericin before AKI diagnosis
Abbreviation: AKI acute kidney injury, CKD chronic kidney disease, ICU intensive care unit, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, APACHE II Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, MODS Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome