Table 5.
Between-group results (cognitive dual-task performance and cognitive-motor interference)
| Outcome | (n: CT, FP) | CT | FP | Difference between groups (mean difference, p value, effect size) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10MWT cognitive (sub/s) | T0 (14,16) | 0.43 ± 0.12 | 0.51 ± 0.31 | − 0.08, 0.36, 0.21a |
| T1–T0 (14,16) | 0.09 ± 0.10 | 0.02 ± 0.09 | 0.07, 0.06, 0.13b | |
| T2–T0 (12,16)* | 0.09 ± 0.07 | 0.05 ± 0.14 | 0.04, 0.59, 0.01b | |
| T3–T0 (8,14)* | 0.10 ± 0.08 | 0.04 ± 0.19 | 0.06, 0.88, 0.00b | |
| 10MWT context and cognitive (sub/s) | T0 (14,16) | 0.31 ± 0.15 | 0.37 ± 0.25 | − 0.07, 0.36, 0.18a |
| T1–T0 (14,16) | 0.11 ± 0.11 | 0.06 ± 0.12 | 0.05, 0.28, 0.04b | |
| T2–T0 (12,16)* | 0.08 ± 0.08 | 0.05 ± 0.08 | 0.03, 0.33, 0.04b | |
| T3–T0 (8,15)* | 0.06 ± 0.07 | 0.03 ± 0.18 | 0.03, 0.59, 0.01b | |
| IWW obstacles and cognitive (sub/s) | T0 (14,14)* | 0.33 ± 0.12 | 0.51 ± 0.31 | − 0.19, 0.05, 0.46a |
| T1–T0 (11,14)* | 0.15 ± 0.14 | 0.12 ± 0.15 | 0.03, 0.40, 0.03 b | |
| T2–T0 (8,13)* | 0.02 ± 0.08 | 0.04 ± 0.14 | − 0.02, 0.58, 0.02b | |
| T3–T0 (5,11)* | 0.05 ± 0.14 | − 0.22 ± 0.30 | 0.27, 0.16, 0.13b | |
| Cognitive-motor interference 10MWT (%) | T0 (14,16) | − 6 (− 28 to − 1) | − 1(− 40–52) | − 9, 0.03, 0.39c |
| T1–T0 (14,16) | 3 ± 22 | − 5 ± 20 | 8, 0.83, 0.00b | |
| T2–T0 (12,16)* | 3 ± 14 | 2 ± 22 | 1, 0.58, 0.01b | |
| T3–T0 (8,14)* | 34 ± 84 | 13 ± 26 | 21, 0.55, 0.02b | |
|
Cognitive-motor interference 10MWT context (%) |
T0 (14,16) | − 15 (− 45–23) | − 9 (− 36–5) | − 2, 0.48, 0.13c |
| T1–T0 (12,16)* | − 1 ± 15 | 2 ± 18 | − 3, 0.46, 0.02b | |
| T2–T0 (10,16)* | 2 ± 24 | 7 ± 21 | − 5, 0.50, 0.02b | |
| T3–T0 (7,15)* | − 9 ± 17 | 8 ± 19 | − 17, 0.11, 0.13b | |
|
Cognitive-motor interference IWW obstacles (%) |
T0 (14,14)* | − 17 (− 39–20) | 8 (− 32–223) | − 25, 0.04, 0.38c |
| T1–T0 (11,14)* | 0 ± 21 | − 22 ± 69 | 22, 0.76, 0.00 b | |
| T2–T0 (8,13)* | 6 ± 27 | − 20 ± 68 | 26, 0.62, 0.01b | |
| T3–T0 (5,10)* | − 14 ± 22 | − 33 ± 78 | 19, 0.98, 0.00b |
Mean difference represents the difference between groups (CT-FP) at T0 and mean differences in change values at T1, T2, and T3. p values were obtained using aIndependent t-test, bANCOVA with baseline performance as covariate, or cMann-Whitney U test. Significant differences are presented in bold (p < 0.05) and tendencies are presented in italic (0.05 < p < 0.075). *Some participants were excluded (see degrees of freedom) due to technical problems with the IWW and/or video footage